[81] These reforms incorporated totalitarianism, fealty to the state, expansionism, corporatism, and anti-communism. In the new states of Africa and Asia after World War II, dictators quickly established themselves on the ruins of constitutional arrangements inherited from the Western colonial powers that had proved unworkable in the absence of a strong middle class and in the face of local traditions of autocratic rule. dictatorship: 1 n a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) This was replaced by a trend of developing a positive public image to maintain support among the populace and moderating rhetoric to integrate with the global community. The simple forms of oligarchic rule associated with pre-industrial societies are, of course, rapidly disappearing. [29][30] The use of ruling parties also provides more legitimacy to its leadership and elites than other forms of dictatorship[31] and facilitates a peaceful transfer of power at the end of a dictator's rule. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, and Palestine are the only democratic nations in the region, with Israel being the only nation in this region that affords broad political liberties to its citizens. [104] A one-party communist dictatorship was formed in Cuba when a US-backed dictatorship was overthrown in the Cuban Revolution, creating the only Soviet-backed dictatorship in the western hemisphere. A dictatorship leader is a political leader who possesses absolute power. [20][21] They are most common in developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. [115], The Middle East and Northern Africa did not undergo liberalization during the third wave of democratisation, and most countries in this region remain dictatorships in the 21st century. Alfred says, [132] In the 21st century, dictatorships have moved toward greater integration with the global community and increasingly attempt to present themselves as democratic. She has a B.S. [87], The decolonisation of Africa prompted the creation of new governments, many of which became dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. [73] During World War II, Italy and Germany occupied several countries in Europe, imposing fascist puppet states upon many of the countries that they invaded. Dictators are usually backed (especially financially) by groups of powerful people. In military dictatorships, it is the military that exerts complete or substantial control over the government rather than a political clique. The result is that such regimes have no internal checks and balances, and are thus unrestrained when exerting repression on their people, making radical shifts in foreign policy, or starting wars with other countries. Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna in Mexico and Juan Manuel de Rosas in Argentina are examples of such leaders. [1], The dictator exercises broad power over the government and society, but other individuals are necessary to carry out the dictator's rule. This instability in turn required rulers to become increasingly authoritarian to stay in power, further propagating dictatorship in Africa. [87] Populist movements were strengthened following the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, producing populist dictatorships in several Latin American countries. Although the term oligarchy is rarely used to refer to contemporary political systems, the phenomenon of irresponsible rule by small groups has not vanished from the world. [49] In an absolute monarchy, power is limited to the royal family, and legitimacy is established by historical factors. Synonyms: Caesarism , Stalinism , absolutism , authoritarianism , despotism , monocracy , one-man rule , shogunate , totalitarianism , tyranny Types: police state a country that maintains repressive . [100] Josip Broz Tito declared a communist government in Yugoslavia during World War II, which was initially aligned with the Soviet Union. Military dictators may also be less trusting or diplomatic and underestimate the use of bargaining and compromise in politics. Even as he tightens his grip on power the end is visible. [51] In the modern era, absolute monarchies are most common in the Middle East. But in a modern-day dictatorship government, one person (or a small group of individuals) has complete control over the government regardless of whether there is a state of emergency or not. Industrialization produces new, differentiated elites that replace the small leadership groupings that once controlled social, economic, and political power in the society. When the war ended, these countries were incorporated into the Soviet sphere of influence, and the Soviet Union exercised control over their governments. There are no checks and balances of power that these leaders need to conform to. The proclamation of emergency rule, for example, was the beginning of the dictatorships of Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy, Kemal Atatrk in Turkey, Jzef Pisudki in Poland, and Antnio de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. [140] Dictatorships may hold semi-competitive elections to qualify for foreign aid, to demonstrate a dictator's control over the government, or to incentivize the party to expand its information-gathering capacity, particularly at the local level. Many of the classical conditions of oligarchic rule were found until the 20th century in those parts of Asia in which governing elites were recruited exclusively from a ruling castea hereditary social grouping set apart from the rest of society by religion, kinship, economic status, prestige, and even language. Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez spoke out in support of the Israeli judicial reform protests in a video that was screened at the anti-judicial reform demonstrations in Tel Aviv on Saturday . [3] Elites must also compete to wield more power than one another, but the amount of power held by elites also depends on their unity. Personalist dictators may be members of the military or leaders of a political party, but neither the military nor the party exercises power independently from the dictator. Origin 1540-1580 Middle English < Latin dicttor (dictator + ship) What is a Dictatorship Elections allow a dictatorship to exercise some control over the opposition by setting the terms under which the opposition challenges the regime. D.C.'s favorite parlor game is coming to an end. Approximately ten percent of the countries in the world today are considered dictatorships. They tended to ally with a particular social class and attempted either to maintain the interests of wealthy and privileged elites or institute far-reaching left-wing social reforms. A dictatorship is a form of government characterized by the rule of one person or a small group of people who have no checks and balances on their power. The meaning of dictator is to grant a person absolute or unlimited government power during an emergency. Lesley has taught American and World History at the university level for the past seven years. It is an authoritarian form of government where one person is in charge of enforcing and enacting the law. However, his presidency came under dispute in 2019. A dictatorship is a government in which a single person or small group holds all the power, and has absolute authority over politics and the population. These countries maintain parliaments and human rights organizations, but these remain under the control of the countries' respective dictators. A dictatorship is a form of government in which most or all authority of the country is in the hands of a single individual; the leader. [145], Van den Bosch, Jeroen J. J., Personalist Rule in Africa and Other World Regions, (London-New York: Routledge, 2021): 13-16, wave of left-wing revolutionary movements, List of countries by system of government, "Review: Totalitarianism, Social Science, and the Margins", "Generals, Dictators, and Kings: Authoritarian Regimes and Civil Conflict, 19732004", "Elites, Single Parties and Political Decision-making in Fascist-era Dictatorships", "Theories of dictatorships: sub-types and explanations", "Personalization of Power and Repression in Dictatorships", "The Tyranny of Dictatorship: When the Greek Tyrant Met the Roman Dictator", "The Five Ancient Criteria of Democracy: The Apotheosis of Equality", "When was the title Dictator perpetuus given to Caesar? These dictators may view themselves as impartial in their oversight of a country due to their nonpartisan status, and they may view themselves as "guardians of the state". dictatorship, form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. Dictators use psychological manipulation, imprisonment, torture and murder to intimidate the citizens into complete obedience. Presidential System of Government Overview & Function | 7 Roles of the President, Landmark Cases Based on Constitutional Amendments. President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has inaugurated Turkey's first nuclear power plant via video link in his first public appearance since falling ill on live TV Tuesday night. Dictators are incentivized to avoid the use of violence once a reputation of violence is established, as it damages the dictatorship's other institutions and poses a threat to the dictator's rule should government forces become disloyal. [26] Ruling parties in one-party dictatorships are distinct from political parties that were created to serve a dictator in that the ruling party in a one-party dictatorship permeates every level of society. A military dictatorship is a form of government in which the military holds most or all political power. The ruler of a dictatorship is called a dictator. The term dictatorship comes from the Latin title dictator, which in the Roman Republic designated a temporary magistrate who was granted extraordinary powers in order to deal with state crises. In the Aristotelian classification of government, there were two forms of rule by the few: aristocracy and its debased form, oligarchy. Marxist one-party states are sometimes distinguished from other one-party states, but they function similarly. Politics in a dictatorship are controlled by the dictator and they are facilitated through an inner circle of elites that includes advisers, generals, and other high-ranking officials. [76][77] The Russian Revolution inspired a wave of left-wing revolutionary movements in Europe between 1917 and 1923, but none saw the same level of success. Instigated by multiple governments in South America, Operation Condor resulted in hundreds, potentially thousands, of human rights . [32], One-party dictatorships became prominent in Asia and Eastern Europe during the Cold War as communist governments were installed in several countries. Other factors associated with military coups include extensive natural resources, limited use of the military internationally, and use of the military as an oppressive force domestically. By contrast, Soviet communism grew out of a revolutionary theory of society, pursued the goal of revolutionary overthrow of capitalist systems internationally, and employed the complex bureaucratic structures of the Communist Party as mechanisms of governmental organization. A dictatorship is a system of government in which a single person or party has complete political power; the dictator often maintains power by employing oppressive methods. The rights of the people are typically suppressed in a dictatorship, sometimes to a great degree. Show question . Definition of Dictatorship Noun Absolute, imperious, or haughty power or control. Leslie Beecher has been in the field of education for over 15 years serving as a tutor, teacher and instructional designer. [95] A similar phenomenon took place in Korea, where Kim Il-sung created a Soviet-backed communist dictatorship in North Korea[96] and Syngman Rhee created a US-backed nationalist dictatorship in South Korea. [60] During the L dynasty of Vietnam between the 16th and 18th centuries, the country was under de facto military rule by two rival military families: the Trnh lords in the north and the Nguyn lords in the south. In other democracies, however, constitutional arrangements have survived quite lengthy periods of crisis government. Totalitarianism is a type of governmental system in which the government exerts a domineering level of control over the population. This makes it distinct from constitutional monarchy and ceremonial monarchy. Rule by dictators has taken several different forms. [123], The type of economy in a dictatorship can affect how it functions. A cult of personality often surrounds a dictator, driven by myths - typically perpetuated by the government-controlled media - about the ruler that are designed to build him up in the minds of the citizens as an all-knowing divine being who is the only one capable of bringing prosperity to the nation. Human nature being what it is, dictators don't rise to power for the good of their nations (though they usually claim otherwise). Nearly half of dictatorships start as a military coup, though others have been started by foreign intervention, elected officials ending competitive elections, insurgent takeovers, popular uprisings by citizens, or legal maneuvering by autocratic elites to take power within their government. The demands of industrialization compel recruitment on the basis of skill, merit, and achievement rather than on the basis of inherited social position and wealth. In oligarchies, the threat of a military coup comes from the strength of the military weighed against the concessions made to the military. This page was last edited on 27 April 2023, at 19:44. These self-proclaimed dictators used private armies to establish control over territories. Stability can be weakened when opposition groups grow and unify or when elites are not loyal to the regime. [103], Military dictatorships remained prominent in Latin America during the Cold War, though the number of coups declined starting in the 1980s. Erdogan looked pale as he sat behind a desk surrounded by Cabinet members . copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. [9] Political philosopher Hannah Arendt describes totalitarianism as a new and extreme form of dictatorship composed of "atomized, isolated individuals" in which ideology plays a leading role in defining how the entire society should be organized. Under this system, there are three types of dictatorships. Strict government-imposed constraints on social freedoms such as suppression of political opponents and anti-regime activity The presence of a ruling executive with vague, shifting, and loosely-defined powers Modern dictatorships such as Venezuela under Hugo Chvez and Cuba under Fidel Castro typify authoritarian governments. succeed. Soviet-type communist dictatorships arose in central and eastern Europe, China, and other countries in the wake of World War II, though most of them (as well as the Soviet Union itself) had collapsed by the last decade of the 20th century. In some instances, a group of nations or communities could be governed under a dictatorship instead of a single nation. The 69-year-old leader, who has sought to dispel concerns about his health weeks before a crucial election, has canceled several campaign stops.
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