Class 1 endophytes are mainly transmitted from host to host by vertical transmission, in which maternal plants pass fungi on to their offspring through seeds. Fibrovascular cores are thin and inconspicuous relative to the hypertrophic epithelium. Summary of the Clinical and Histopathologic Features of Condyloma Acuminatum and Condyloma-like Squamous Proliferations in the Anogenital Region, The incidence of condyloma acuminatum (genital wart) is highest among young adults,1 but has declined since the introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines.24 The lesions typically arise in the genitalia, anus, and the surrounding area (pubis, groin, and medial thigh). The author has no relevant financial interest in the products or companies described in this article. All procedures performed in this retrospective data analysis involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional review board, which did not require informed consent. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and field cancerization: report of a case. [50] Turfgrass seed of Festuca and Lolium perenne infected with fungal inoculants, Acremonium coenophialum and A. lolii, is commercially available for use in growing lawns which might require less pesticide use -the grasses are poisonous to cattle and more resistant to some insect damage. Demonstration of HPV 2 or other nongenital HPV types in the absence of HPV 6 or 11, either by in situ hybridization or by PCR-DNA sequencing, would support a diagnosis of VV and exclude condyloma acuminatum.6872. A long-term study of thirty patients. Recipient(s) will receive an email with a link to 'Verruciform and Condyloma-like Squamous Proliferations in the Anogenital Region' and will not need an account to access the content. and transmitted securely. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. While some authors believe that the 2 are either identical or closely related on a continuous spectrum, accumulating evidence suggests that these are distinct entities. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral and oropharyngeal mucosa; terminology, classification and present concepts of management. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Zain RB, Kallarakkal TG, Ramanathan A, et al. Oral mucosal lesions associated with smokers and chewersa casecontrol study in chennai population. Multiple studies have shown that unlike giant condylomas, which consistently harbor HPV, anogenital verrucous carcinomas diagnosed on the basis of strict histopathologic criteria (see below) are predominantly negative for HPV.24,25,2830 These findings support distinct pathogenetic pathways in verrucous carcinoma and giant condyloma acuminatum, and that they should be considered separate entities. Ten of the 14 tumors that remained classified as SCC had detectable TP53 mutations. The fungi cause the grasses to contain toxic alkaloids. Condyloma acuminatum is caused by HPV infection, with HPV types 6 and 11 being the most prevalent.5 HPV 6 and 11 belong to the low-risk HPV group, which essentially has no risk for malignant progression. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. A systematic review. There was less than moderate agreement (kappa<0.60) for lesions in the Bulky hyperkeratotic epithelial proliferation, not reactive category. Why oral histopathology suffers inter-observer variability on grading oral epithelial dysplasia: an attempt to understand the sources of variation. Search for other works by this author on: Systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of genital warts, Evidence of human papillomavirus vaccine effectiveness in reducing genital warts: an analysis of California public family planning administrative claims data, 2007-2010, Early impact of Ontario's human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program on anogenital warts (AGWs): a population-based assessment, Decline in genital warts diagnoses among young women and young men since the introduction of the bivalent HPV (16/18) vaccination programme in England: an ecological analysis, Correlation of human papillomavirus types with clinical features of patients with condyloma acuminatum in China, Coexisting high-grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and condyloma acuminatum: independent lesions due to different HPV types occurring in immunocompromised patients, Coexistence of condylomata acuminata with warty squamous cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in condylomas, intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive carcinoma of the penis using laser capture microdissection (LCM)-PCR: a study of 191 lesions in 43 patients, Correlation of histology and human papillomavirus DNA detection in condyloma acuminatum and condyloma-like vulvar lesions, Seborrheic keratoses from the genital region may contain human papillomavirus DNA, Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in seborrheic keratosis by polymerase chain reaction, Immunophenotypic and viral (human papillomavirus) correlates of vulvar seborrheic keratosis, Genital seborrheic keratoses are human papillomavirus-related lesions: a linear array genotyping test study. Of these subtypes, the endophytic tumours have the worst prognosis because of their invasiveness and higher frequency of Direct immunofluorescence testing results in cases of premalignant and malignant oral lesions. WebSQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA In-situ - the second most common type of skin cancer caused from sun exposure, warts, or areas of old wounds. Almazyad A, Li CC, Woo SB. National Library of Medicine Inter- and intra-observer variability in diagnosis of oral dysplasia. Classification of these lesions is often challenging owing to significant histopathologic overlap and sometimes controversial and confusing diagnostic criteria. Keratoacanthoma: hyperplasia, benign neoplasm, or a type of squamous cell carcinoma? Similar to other HPV-negative SCCs of the anogenital tract, verrucous carcinoma is associated with chronic inflammatory conditions such as lichen sclerosus and lichen simplex chronicus, which play a key role in its pathogenesis.29,3133, Clinically, verrucous carcinoma and giant condyloma acuminatum share many common features including large tumor size, verrucous surface, exophytic and endophytic growth, typically slow progression, and virtual lack of metastatic potential.34,35 In addition to the anogenital area, verrucous carcinoma also occurs in the oral cavity, larynx, and extragenital skin.34,36 The warty excrescences in verrucous carcinoma tend to be coarse and irregular, whereas those in giant condyloma acuminatum are finer and more regular.25 Verrucous carcinoma is also more keratotic and firm than giant condyloma acuminatum, which has a more delicate and soft texture.25. Verruciform xanthomas are well-demarcated, yellowish-orange papules or plaques with verruciform surfaces ranging from 0.2 to 2 cm in diameter.89 Not surprisingly, the clinical morphology often raises concern for condyloma acuminatum or verrucous carcinoma.89,90 In a study of 10 vulvar verruciform xanthomas, all were associated with vulvar inflammatory or neoplastic conditions including lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, Paget disease, and radiodermatitis.89 Although HPV has been proposed in the past as the etiologic agent, multiple studies have failed to confirm a causal relationship.9193 Based on its benign nature and association with various diseases, it is now widely believed that verruciform xanthoma represents a mucocutaneous reaction to localized trauma and chronic inflammation.94. Head Neck Pathol. The scrotum, groin, and pubis may also be affected.2123 The tumor grows exophytically and endophytically, and the exophytic excrescences are often described as cauliflower-like. Fistula formation between papillae is common. Prevalence of oral lesions in relation to habits: cross-sectional study in South India. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies WebFollow-up ranged from 15 to 73 months. J Am Acad Dermatol. [4] Vertically transmitted fungal endophytes are typically considered clonal and transmit via fungal hyphae penetrating the embryo within the host's seeds, while reproduction of the fungi through asexual conidia or sexual spores leads to horizontal transmission, where endophytes may spread between plants in a population or community. As humans become more aware of the damage that synthetic insecticides cause to the environment and beneficial insects such as bees and butterflies biological insecticides may become more important to the agricultural industry.[31]. Inoculation saw an upregulation in the genes relevant to jasmonate and ethylene production in the plant roots, although the mechanism to this is still unknown. Clin Exp Dermatol. Oral Oncol. Keywords: A, A papillomatous lesion with parakeratosis completely filling the spaces between the papillary projections. The digital images were then reviewed in two surveys separated by a washout period of at least 90 days. 299biopsies from 84 PVL patients from six institutions were selected from patients who had multifocal oral leukoplakic lesions identified over several years (a minimum follow-up period of 36 months). Head and Neck Pathol 15, 572587 (2021). Google Scholar. [42], Endophytes may have potential future applications in agriculture. This tumor type is rarely described in the anogenital region. Mitoses are rare and confined to the basal layer.25 A band of lymphocytic infiltrate is usually found at the base of the tumor (Figure 3, A). Figure 2Giant condyloma acuminatum. Disclaimer. Characterized by complex, confluent, back to back glandular proliferation, while oncocytic papilloma has a simple exophytic or endophytic growth pattern without architectural complexity High grade tumors may show marked nuclear atypia Nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma: This is in contrast with the negative or patchy staining in condyloma acuminatum and differentiated squamous lesions.33,4650 Ki-67 proliferation index is typically high, with staining observed at all levels of the epithelium.49,50 Unlike differentiated squamous lesions, p53 staining in warty, basaloid, and warty-basaloid squamous neoplasms is either negative or patchy.46,49. 2018;12(4):50010. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; however, most of the endophyte/plant relationships are not well understood. Furthermore, while the benefits of endophyte relations are well-studied, the costs of these relations are less well understood, such as the specific carbon costs, the system of endophyte governance, and the environmental conditions that facilitate a proper plant-endophyte relationship. C, An anogenital seborrheic keratosis with an undulating base and numerous pseudohorn cysts without evidence of koilocytosis. [68] Epichlo endophytes are being widely used commercially in turf grasses to enhance the performance of the turf and its resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. [71] Endophytes accomplish this by increasing the uptake of valuable land limited nutrients from the soil such as phosphorus and making other plant nutrients available to plants such as rock phosphate and atmospheric nitrogen which are normally trapped in forms that are inaccessible to plants. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2009;45(45):31723. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13363. Figure 7Verruca vulgaris. 1999;28(6):2747. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a spectrum disorder of the oral mucosa that shows characteristic, focal when early, adherent multifocal and Vulvar seborrheic keratosis: is there a relationship to human papillomavirus? Oral Dis. 1997;84(2):1547. Seborrheic keratoses that contain human papillomavirus are condylomata acuminata, MIB-1 immunostaining is a beneficial adjunct test for accurate diagnosis of vulvar condyloma acuminatum, P16/CDKN2A and Ki-67 enhance the detection of anal intraepithelial neoplasia and condyloma and correlate with human papillomavirus detection by polymerase chain reaction, Expression of p16 protein in lesional and perilesional condyloma acuminata and bowenoid papulosis: clinical significance and diagnostic implications, Detecting HPV in cutaneous lesions using anti-HPV antibody immunohistochemistry, Giant condyloma acuminatum of the anorectum: trends in epidemiology and management: report of a case and review of the literature, Giant condyloma acuminatum (Buschke-Lowenstein tumor) of the anorectal and perianal regions: analysis of 42 cases, Giant condyloma acuminata of the inguinal region, Giant condyloma acuminatum of the scrotum, bilateral groins, and suprapubic region: a treatment and reconstruction challenge, Comprehensive analysis of human papillomavirus prevalence and the potential role of low-risk types in verrucous carcinoma, Anal verrucous carcinoma is not related to infection with human papillomaviruses and should be distinguished from giant condyloma (Buschke-Lwenstein tumour), Rapidly invasive Buschke-Lwenstein tumor associated with human papillomavirus types 6 and 52, Giant condyloma versus verrucous carcinoma: a case report, Morphologic and biologic studies on ten cases of verrucous carcinoma of the vulva supporting the theory of a discrete clinico-pathologic entity.
