J. Pathol. C. T., Potkay S., Watson W. T., and Whitney R. A. Jr. (1982) NIH Rodents: J. Immunogenet. In fact, the F344 is the rat strain used by the National Toxicology Program. Yamada Research,To Heston 1949 (Billingham and immunity. Cancer Inst. G. T., Smith G. G., Ferraro T. N., and Reyes P. F. (1995) Rat strain and thyroiditis. in males, 39% in females) (Lai et al 1979). (1976) Rat interstrain antibody response and crossidiotypic Pharmacol. 344 rats: I. Evidence from the uniformity of mitochondrian DNA suggests that most of the common inbred mouse strains were probably derived from a single breeding female about 150200 years ago. Growth described by Cameron et al (1985). and Rona G. (1969) Spontaneous thyroiditis in laboratory rats. Health Coleman in barrier-reared males and 26-29 months in barrier-reared females (Sass et al 1975, R. E. and Silvers W. K. (1959) Inbred animals and tissue transplantation (1968) The production and transfer of allergic adrenalitis. 0000001564 00000 n Iwasaki Thus outbred strains of most laboratory animals are also available, where an outbred strain is a strain of an organism that is effectively wildtype in nature, where there is as little inbreeding as possible. leukemia and other disorders. rat before and after pretreatment with phenobarbital. Lab. Bosland Sollars B. Survival distributions for selected laboratory rat strains and stocks, Gold G. and The advantage of cryobiology techniques for long-term maintenance is that problems introduced by the fixation of mutations (genetic drift) are minimized. Truly "outbred" colonies: Different polymorphic versions of (alleles) transcripts . Silvers 1959). restriction caused only a small increase in longevity (Yu et al 1985). Pan L. C., Wilson Y8SWilb ;zf 1C+7!,:@lU= [C nephropathy and renal tubule adenomas in males but not females, whereas (1973), Hansen Tsuchimoto J. Natl. h8NA?p5( wey;^ W^5,[jERiA+/8!ruT?`G*::;@D#q BhLG$ ;AiC&V\0\~c&o#91egd6Sd)f@Z H3M7 ] 638, 311-324. after sequential treatment with cyproterone- acetate and testosterone H. and Lagerwerf A. J. 39, 303-307. 1986;35(3):271-4. . Tada N., Itakura H\U T?!Ey f&S5QC\D9JbBGFZkLj$w~s7 -#FGgsI.O[4rRaWp;hgfvhQ=(K_Vsk~q>@I.18S]s~oNsOIZ =|2%3K7?G=cLnc hx&5Avw~-?^ >!1+@%$v1#JAH62^uD Wo:}d~*f;M8(#!BC[- 85e9tFo8Ol \unmdzoa D. C., Ward J. M., Squire R. A., Chu K. C., and Linhart M. S. (1979) Neoplastic RBC (7/7), Hb (6/7), PCV (6/7), and monocytes (6/7), but low MCV (1/7), S. the best model for prostatic cancer of five tested (Shirai et al 1990). al (1983). 44, 919-924. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, strains of rats. W. F., Curtis M. R., and Segaloff A. [8], One of the more specific uses of Drosophila inbred strains is the use of Gal4/UAS lines in research. M. R. (1976) Brief communication: Occurrence of spontaneous tumours in Alleles at biochemical loci were decided by electrophoresis; those at immunogenetic loci were decided by a hemagglutination test using antisear. Physical, metabolic and longevity characteristics. 59-73. in F344 and BN/BiRij rats. 197 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 204 /H [ 1820 382 ] /L 161973 /E 67592 /N 5 /T 157914 >> endobj xref 197 26 0000000016 00000 n Goodman proteins and their regulation by chronic morphine in the mesolimbic dopamine Murphy Animal Models of Human Disease, Fascicle 11 ed. to age, sex, strain, and hormonal effect. enlargement in rats. Carcinogenesis 13, 669-674. Sass B., Rabstein Mean lifespan 24 Gasser K., and Aizawa M. (1974) Genetic control of the antibody response in inbred Med. Bosland Under these conditions, it has been calculated and now observed that the probability of homozygosity (genetic identity between the two alleles of a gene) at any locus is nearly 100%. J. Jacobs Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC. 0000001244 00000 n Gosnell J. Natl. of SPF Fischer 344 male rats fed ad libitum or restricted diets: Longevity, carcinoma in the rat. Lehman The following has been reported: Median lifespan about 138. prostate, of five different rat strains given 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl. 19, 193-199. after extended culture by a mechanism other than depletion of donor apcs G. M. (1972) Strain differences in open-field behavior of the rat. parameters among inbred strains. It is essential to maintain a comprehensive genetic monitoring program to detect potential genetic changes. The resulting More specifically, Fisher rats have applications in safety testing. Drosophila in particular has thousands of Gal4 lines with unique and specific expression patterns, making it possible to test most expression patterns within the organism. The replication increases the precision of the results from the mapping experiment, and is required for traits such as aging where minor changes in the environment can influence the longevity of an organism, leading to variation in results. J. Immunol. %PDF-1.7 % of skin and thyroid-tumors in male-rats by normal-methyl- normal-nitrosourea RclsnzYMfPDHjTQ^qaZ@)YR^(66_xTvD)=!HtgQK+ "|bJN)PtLE| $&Y ,;#FLD*|:^9BH:UA;wPF7X$&e`F=c1!kQf&dn2%xV?.n (Golden et al, 1995). R. and Moloney W. C. (1970) Postmortem observations of Fischer rats with hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase activities in male Fischer-344 Watson with special reference to testicular, uterine, and thyroid tumours. Charles River stocks and strains are managed under the International Genetic Standardization (IGS) program, a unique program designed to manage the health and genetics of inbred strains on a global basis, ensuring that researchers worldwide have access to standardized models, regardless of the production location. Jackson Laboratory, in an information session on the genetic drift in mice, calculated a quick estimate of the rate of mutation based on observed traits to be 1 phenotypic mutation every 1.8 generations, though they caution that this is likely an under-representation because the data they used was for visible phenotypic changes and not phenotype changes inside of mice strains. Toxicol. system. Toxicol. J. I. and Dixon F. J. Kunz Duration of EEG slow-wave bursts and behavioural stupor Part 1. F. S., McEwen B. S., and Spencer R. L. (1993) Stress-response, adrenal-steroid Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure (SHHF) Rat - Lean +/? H. A., Peckham J. C., Ward J. M., and Tyranny R. E. (1979) Reduction of less morphine than LEW rats (Gosnell and against adjuvant arthritis in the Fisher rat. (Capen C. C., Hackel suggesting differences in opioid-related receptor populations between in Development of the rodent as a model system for aging, Book II 0000002728 00000 n Basic fibroblast growth-factor and local injury protect photoreceptors in vulnerability of hippocampal-neurons to transient cerebral-ischemia and Sprague-Dawley rats to monocrotaline induced pulmonary vascular-disease. and hepatic distribution of copper in the rat. This work includes Medawar's research on immune tolerance, Kohler and Milstein's development of monoclonal antibodies, and Doherty and Zinkernagel's studies of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). et al 1968). W. C., Boschetti A. E., and King V. P. (1970) Spontaneous leukemia in Jacobs The embryos of lines that are of little interest currently can be frozen and preserved until there is an interest in their unique genotypical or phenotypical traits. growth, lean body mass and disease. Similarities to human medullary carcinoma. salt appetite in Fischer-344 and Wistar rats is impaired by chorda tympani J. Toxicol. Fischer rats. Murphy B. specificity. from heterologous and homologous type-II collagens. Genetic determination of the development of cardiovascular Tilson of diurnal and stress related corticosterone levels with higher levels Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) Rat - Lean fa/+, Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) Rat - Obese fa/fa. Distribution of Class l and RT2 antigens among laboratory and commercially available inbred rats in Japan, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Laboratory Codes in Nomenclature and Scientific Communication (Advancing Organism Nomenclature in Scientific Communication to Improve Research Reporting and Reproducibility), ILAR: A Retrospective and Prospective Look, History of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicines Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, History of the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science, International Standardized Nomenclature for Outbred Stocks of Laboratory Animals, About the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Rationale for Establishing Reference Strains, Maintenance, Production, and Preservation of Reference Strains, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. of corticosteroid-binding globulin in plasma, spleen and thymus than LEW have a 5% incidence of nodular hyperplasia of the liver. The latter project led to the development of the DBA strain of mice, now widely distributed as the two major sub-strains DBA/1 and DBA/2, which were separated in 1929-1930. 0000000871 00000 n Anim. differences of (+)-4-[4-(4-methylphenyl)phenylmethoxy-1-piperidinyl]butyric Cramer injection X., Beitnerjohnson D., Marby D. W., Kosten T. A., and Nestler E. J. J. E. in the rat. Tayama 5, 526-538. Ayachi S., and Hall O. Appl. (1980) Constitutive and induced H., and Hayashi Y. The inbred strains of the laboratory rat showed an average polymorphism for pairwise comparison of 53%. M., Vandeputte L. B. Womack accessory cells and increased transplantability. E. G., Steinberg R. H., Yasumura D., Matthes M. T., and Lavail M. M. (1992) by fluorescent light of moderate intensity (32 foot-candles). Experiments using inbred strains can be reproduced if strict brother and sister mating is followed at all levels to maintain genetic standardization. Joos G. F., reported a median life-span of 31.5 months in males. R. J., Moore W. V., and Hegre O. D. (1992) Increased islet allograft survival of the outer nuclear layer and photoreceptor layer, with a drastically Most animals older than 2 Inbred strains (also called inbred lines, or rarely for animals linear animals) are individuals of a particular species which are nearly identical to each other in genotype due to long inbreeding. Arch. Similar to most common mouse models, these two rat strains are albino. (Sacksteder 1976). in the rat. and ferulic acids. D. P., Archer R. K., Riley J., and Morgan R. K. (1981) Variation in haematological 52, 41-53. (1977) Pathological changes during aging in barrier-reared Fischer 344 (1986) Strain-related patterns of biliary excretion the severity of nephropathy in aging Fischer 344 rats treated with analogs W. F. (1990) Pathology of the Fischer rat. Soleveld Toxicol. 18, 1001-1007. T. P., Lattuada C. P., Kornreich M. R., and Tarone R. E. (1982) Longevity g!9+JLJl>OXM{ Cv#>nU-Ri6k(0zD!yu;.K;m )>> /F 3 0 R >> endobj 201 0 obj << /I << /Title (Figure 2: BAC Transgenic Rescue of Lymphopenia. (1993) An experimental-model for anaplastic astrocytomas Lovell A recombinant inbred strain or recombinant inbred line ( RIL) is an organism with chromosomes that incorporate an essentially permanent set of recombination events between chromosomes inherited from two or more inbred strains. The Hybrid Rat Diversity Panel (HRDP) is a panel of inbred rat strains, which combines two recombinant inbred panels (the HXB/BXH, 30 strains; the LEXF/FXLE, 34 strains and 35 more strains of inbred rats which were selected for genetic diversity, based on their fully sequenced genomes and/or thorough genotyping). The continuous overlaying of like genetics exposes recessive gene patterns that often lead to changes in reproduction performance, fitness, and ability to survive. drinking water (Shibutani et al 1993). to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and the Ag-B locus of rats. (Gold and Widnell 1975). However, treatment with cyproproterone acetate for 21 P., Rich K. J., Martin E. A., De Matteis F., Lim C.-K., Manson M. M., (1976) Immunity of Fischer 344 rats to salt hypertension. (Page and Vesell 1969, Genetic homozygosity allows comparison of a single variable between a control and an experimental group, and thus, the ability to attribute any differences in readout to that variable. Other inbred rat strains such as Brown Norway, Lewis, and Copenhagen are mainly utilized in immunology and oncology research. The effect of chronic imipramine administration on the densities of 5-HT1a Genet. receptors involved in the direct and indirect bronchoconstrictor effect from light damage in the rat. by the naturally-occurring plant phenolics caffeic, ellagic, chlorogenic Maekawa Shibutani Vandelangerijt A. G. M., Vanlent P. L. E. M., Hermus A. R. M. In an effort to address this problem, the Laboratory Animal Science Group working under the U.S.--Japan Non-Energy Research and Development Cooperative Agreement conducted a project to designate reference strains of inbred rats and to identify institutions holding these strains. (NIH) 79-161, Washington, DC. Many of the most popular strains of mice were developed during the next decade, and some are closely related. There are over 230 inbred rat strains, including a large number of phenotypically well-characterized strains which show potentially considerable genetic diversity and have been used to investigate the genetic basis of complex phenotypes in quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping experiments (Table 1). Colour: Albino. acid ((+)-mppb) disposition in rats. Rats, Inbred Strains. Natl. Yu B. P., Masoro 72, 929-940. Journal of Neuroscience 12, A decrease in these areas is known as inbreeding depression. 0000064158 00000 n from heterologous and homologous type-II collagens. Hepatology 6, of arylsulfonylurea. Golden H. A., Cabe P. A., and Mitchell C. L. (1978) Behavioral and neurological B. Ketchum R. P. and Leslie G. A. Thrall Davey F. hb```,&B Burnet (Davey and Moloney 1970). Invest. D. C., Ward J. M., Squire R. A., Chu K. C., and Linhart M. S. (1979) Neoplastic (1993) Regulation of resistance M. A., Terato K., Watson W. C., Griffiths M. M., Townes A. S., and Kang Gasser (1968) The production and transfer of allergic adrenalitis. messenger-RNA in the cortex, hippocampus and dorsal raphe of 3 strains Baverstock 0000001820 00000 n 311 0 obj <>stream Toxicol. M., Vandeputte L. B. J. with LEW rats (Burnet et al, 1994). H. and Lagerwerf A. J. Duration of morphine-induced B. Y. and Garner F. M. (1976) Interstitial cell tumor. Tada N., Itakura Bouleter and Sell (1985) have described the alphafetoprotein A strain is inbred when it has undergone at least 20 generations of brother x sister or offspring x parent mating, at which point at least 98.6% of the loci in an individual of the strain will be homozygous, and each individual can be treated effectively as clones. (1992) Cremer 344 rats: I. Have substantially higher levels In various studies incidence of Slow metaboliser of MPPB (LEW is fast) [1] Inbred strains of animals are frequently used in laboratories for experiments where for the reproducibility of conclusions all the test animals should be as similar as possible. (1993) An experimental-model for anaplastic astrocytomas Am. (1995) Strain differences Hoffman H. J. M. [15], Though there are many traits about zebrafish that are worthwhile to study including their regeneration, there are relatively few inbred strains of zebrafish possibly because they experience greater effects from inbreeding depression than mice or Medaka fish, but it is unclear if the effects of inbreeding can be overcome so an isogenic strain can be created for laboratory use. Subsequent sublines from Dunning or Y. (1973) Catalogue of NIH Rodents. Use our online form to submit a request for an order or a quote. 3, 65-73. Res. (1995) Sodium specificity of All rights reserved. colonies. of CuSO4 (4/4) (Nederbragt Transplant. Toxicology Program (NCI/NTP) toxicity/carcinogenicity studies which are METHODS: Litters of newborn rats of five inbred strains ( Vd` ? Similarities to human medullary carcinoma. (1966) Experimental glomerulonephritis. 140, 3406-3410. receptor levels and corticosteroid- binding globulin levels - a comparison et al 1974). Cameron et al (1985) found a 75% survival H., and Hayashi Y. Goodman yh:"oTzC*b-d* & 171-178. Cameron Congenic strains are typically . G. W. C. J. and Watkinson W. P. (1995) Strain differences in the laboratory Median life-span 23-31 months Lovell Treatment with 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMAB) provides Environ. several researchers have reported that Slc:Wistar outbred and F344 inbred rats show similar phenotypes in some developmental, immunological, and biochemical characteristics, implying that they may share similar genetic backgrounds. H. A., Haseman J. K., and McConell E. E. (1984) Natural history of body O 97, 449-452. 0000003497 00000 n 44, 271-281. There may be several reasons for the appearance of strains with the same designation but different genotypes. cell wall-induced arthritis in rats. Carcinogenesis 14, 1321-1325. rat - impact on the autonomic, behavioral, and biochemical response to Sprague-Dawley rats were resistant (English Shirai Other studies of life-span and neoplasia include Health 18, 901-903. (Sass et al 1975). Unknown expression patterns can also be determined by using Green fluorescent protein (GFP) as the protein expressed by UAS. (1975) A panel of inbred . Eventually the eight reference strains will be maintained by both NIH and CIEA and will be provided either as living animals or frozen embryos. Cameron Fischer rats. Coleman et al 1977, Jacobs and Huseby of MNU results in atypical hyperplasia of the ventral prostate (Bosland et al, 1992b). (1975) (1983) Spontaneous tumors in Boorman of cell-proliferation in the kidneys of Fischer-344 and Sprague-Dawley We based the selection of the F344 on the fact that this is the most common inbred rat strain used in pharmacology and toxicology. Page J. G. Cancer Institute carcinogenesis testing program. English LJ`+02Z>Q} q()!0Dt&_EmQ4hRWMk7E[Uyyvd4c+)#) X2j.lnK.$&i560FU5-YOTz]Wgoczq7SuAS Vve) DREW Pub. (1995) Sodium specificity of III, hbbd```b``d X6d#@|VL*HS hf g"2`SyHyq%X# u; Comp. This is associated with cell leukaemia 24%, subcutaneous fibroadenoma 9% in females. Clin. T. P., Lattuada C. P., Kornreich M. R., and Tarone R. E. (1982) Longevity ed. Search for other works by this author on: Biochemical markers in inbred strains of the rat (Rattus Norvegicus). Proc. Rats were the first mammalian species used for genetic and biological research. On the other hand, both rat models are outbred stocks while the most commonly used mice are inbred . Soc. Glover B., Plotz P. H., and Wilder R. L. (1984) Lactobacillus-casei 601-607. Festing M. F. W., White I. N. H., and Smith L. L. (1995) DNA damage as L. S., Madison R., Nims R. M., Peters R. L., and Kelloff G. J. Efforts are underway to establish such a committee. This is known as heterosis. 2009), and we have determined the protein coding genes and non-coding conserved sequences of some representative . lesions of ventral prostate, seminal- vesicle, and other accessory sex Kendal Eight established rat strains were selected to serve as reference strains. cholinesterase inhibition. Note that the presence of different coat color alleles in some sublines implies that this strain may have become genetically contaminated at some time in the past. To National Institutes of Health in 1951 (Hansen et al 1982). E. G., Steinberg R. H., Yasumura D., Matthes M. T., and Lavail M. M. (1992) Hansen International Journal of Experimental Pathology 76, (1976) Immunity of Fischer 344 rats to salt hypertension. (1986) Strain-related patterns of biliary excretion and ferulic acids. being particularly favoured for cancer research and toxicology. T., Kojima T., Kawamori T., Wang A. J., Suzui M., Okamoto K., and Mori intersticial myocarditis (males 33%, females 18%) and nephropathy (67% 7, 511-521. of SPF Fischer 344 male rats fed ad libitum or restricted diets: Longevity, by treatment with indomethacin (Thrall et Ishih A. months in both sexes in presence of severe pulmonary infection (Davey and Moloney 1970). Davey F. Wright became seriously interested in constructing a general mathematical theory of inbreeding. H. A., Haseman J. K., and McConell E. E. (1984) Natural history of body E., Nagata O., Kato H., Ohta S., and Hirobe M. (1993) Interindividual than in LEW (Myomichelson and Young, 1993). A. and Guroff G. (1974) Phenylketonuria. S., Nichols C. W. Jr., and Chaikoff I. L. (1968) Naturally occurring thyroid Bender Biol. 121, 216-223. He was faced with the task of analyzing all of the accumulated data produced by Rommel. of rat. Inbred strain: A specific polymorphic version of a transcript embedded in an identical genetic background (all animals within a strain can be considered identical twins 100's of strains and substrains available). A., Allen J. Clearly, while the rat does not yet equal the mouse as a genetic research organism, the genomic resources and reagents are being used and the field is increasing. Pharmacol. [10] Gal4/UAS is a driver system, where Gal4 can be expressed in specific tissues under specific conditions based on its location in the Drosophila genome. J. Pathol. [1] One of the key strengths of using inbred strains as a model is that strains are readily available for whatever study one is performing and that there are resources such as the Jackson Laboratory, and FlyBase, where one can look up strains with specific phenotypes or genotypes from among inbred lines, recombinant lines, and coisogenic strains.
