[32] It seems unlikely any such orders came from the king, although the Guise faction may have desired the massacres. "Holding a lit de justice, Charles declared that he had ordered the massacre in order to thwart a Huguenot plot against the royal family. [88] In the previous ten years there had already been three outbreaks of civil war, and attempts by Protestant nobles to seize power in France. Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . Initially the coup d'tat of the duke of Anjou was a success, but Catherine de' Medici went out of her way to deprive him from any power in France: she sent him with the royal army to remain in front of La Rochelle and then had him elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. [citation needed] Ken Follett's 2017 historical fiction novel A Column of Fire uses this event. Catherine de' Medici, also called Catherine de Mdicis, Italian Caterina de' Medici, (born April 13, 1519, Florence [Italy]died January 5, 1589, Blois, France), queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 1547-59) and subsequently regent of France (1560-74), who was one of the most influential personalities of the Catholic-Huguenot wars. Political Responses . Donnelly, 66, served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 2007 to 2013, representing Indiana's 2nd Congressional District, and was a U.S. senator from 2013 to 2019. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. With these words, the most popular preacher in Paris legitimised in advance the events of St. Bartholomew's Day". [42] Other estimates are about 10,000 in total,[43] with about 3,000 in Paris[44] and 7,000 in the provinces. [10], The court itself was extremely divided. King from 1556 to 1598. [90], Holt, notable for re-emphasising the importance of religious issues, as opposed to political/dynastic power struggles or socio-economic tensions, in explaining the French Wars of Religion, also re-emphasised the role of religion in the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre. [1] A fellow Huguenot refugee, a banker from Lyon, commissioned the painting to commemorate the event. At this time, in an age before mass media, "the pulpit remained probably the most effective means of mass communication".[84]. After the wedding of Catholic Marguerite de Valois and Huguenot Henry de Navarre on August 18 of 1572,[17] Coligny and the leading Huguenots remained in Paris to discuss some outstanding grievances about the Peace of St. Germain with the king. Historian Jrmie Foa offers a very unique view of the 1572 massacres in his work entitled Tous ceux qui tombent: visages du massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy [All that fall: faces of the St. Bartholomew's day massacre]. [45] At the higher end are total figures of up to 20,000,[46] or 30,000 in total, from "a contemporary, non-partisan guesstimate" quoted by the historians Felipe Fernndez-Armesto and D. [83][pageneeded], Traditional histories have tended to focus more on the roles of the political notables whose machinations began the massacre than the mindset of those who actually did the killing. He wrote a strongly anti-Catholic and anti-French play based on the events entitled The Massacre at Paris. The story was fictionalised by Prosper Mrime in his Chronique du rgne de Charles IX (1829), and by Alexandre Dumas, pre in La Reine Margot, an 1845 novel that fills in the history as it was then seen with romance and adventure. Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day, massacre of French Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris on August 24/25, 1572, plotted by Catherine de Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. Inchbald kept the historical setting, but The Massacre, completed by February 1792, also reflected events in the recent French Revolution, though not the September Massacres of 1792, which coincided with its printing. [51], Pope Gregory XIII also commissioned the artist Giorgio Vasari to paint three frescos in the Sala Regia depicting the wounding of Coligny, his death, and Charles IX before Parliament, matching those commemorating the defeat of the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). 1. From Pursuit of Power:Venetian Ambassadors' Reports on Spain, Turkey and Francein the Age of Phillip II, 1560-1600, by James C. Davis (New York:-HarperCollins, 1970),pp. Read and study old-school with our bound texts. Staunch Catholics were shocked by the return of Protestants to the court, but the queen mother, Catherine de' Medici, and her son, Charles IX, were practical in their support of peace and Coligny, as they were conscious of the kingdom's financial difficulties and the Huguenots' strong defensive position: they controlled the fortified towns of La Rochelle, La Charit-sur-Loire, Cognac, and Montauban. 2nd Luxemburg; Fontaine-Franaise; Ham; Le Catelet; Doullens; Cambrai; Calais; La Fre; Ardres; Amiens. Estimates of the number that perished in the massacres have varied from 2,000 by a Roman Catholic apologist to 70,000 by the contemporary Huguenot Maximilien de Bthune, who himself barely escaped death. [7], Compounding this bad feeling was the fact that the harvests had been poor and taxes had risen. 1. 41, Treaty between Ramesses II of Egypt and Hattusilis III of Hatti 47, The Victory Stele of Merneptah (c. 1210 B.C.E.) An attempt was made on Coligny's life a few days later on August 22[18] as he made his way back to his house from the Louvre. The severed head of Coligny was apparently dispatched to Pope Gregory XIII, though it got no further than Lyon, and the pope sent the king a Golden Rose. The massacre began in the night of 2324 August 1572, the eve of the feast of Bartholomew the Apostle, two days after the attempted assassination of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, the military and political leader of the Huguenots. [93] At least one Huguenot was able to buy off his would-be murderers. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . -It caused the Huguenots to flee France [50] The pope ordered a Te Deum to be sung as a special thanksgiving (a practice continued for many years after) and had a medal struck with the motto Ugonottorum strages 1572 (Latin: "Overthrow (or slaughter) of the Huguenots 1572") showing an angel bearing a cross and a sword before which are the felled Protestants. The film follows Catherine de' Medici (Josephine Crowell) plotting the massacre, coercing her son King Charles IX (Frank Bennett) to sanction it. Following the failed assassination attack against the Admiral de Coligny (which Wanegffelen attributes to the Guise family and Spain), the Italian advisers of Catherine de' Medici undoubtedly recommended in the royal council the execution of about fifty Protestant leaders. [82][pageneeded]. The Vincentian ambassador in Washington, D. C. is the official representative of the Government in the Kingstown to the Government of the United States. According to the contemporary French historian Jacques Auguste de Thou, one of Coligny's murderers was struck by how calmly he accepted his fate, and remarked that "he never saw anyone less afraid in so great a peril, nor die more steadfastly". "[52], Although these formal acts of rejoicing in Rome were not repudiated publicly, misgivings in the papal curia grew as the true story of the killings gradually became known. From the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel's harsh report, people might imagine the relationship of religion to politics and political motivations which lead to this savage action. The dates are in Garrison, p. 139, who adds, Holt (2005 ed. The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913 was still ready to endorse a version of this view, describing the massacres as "an entirely political act committed in the name of the immoral principles of Machiavellianism" and blaming "the pagan theories of a certain raison d'tat according to which the end justified the means". Modern estimates for the number of dead across France vary widely, from 5,000 to 30,000. Protestant nations were horrified. . 9394, and Benedict (2004), p. 127, Knecht (2001), p. 368, though see Holt (2005), pp. [12], Nevertheless, it was only in the aftermath of the massacre that anti-monarchical ideas found widespread support from Huguenots, among the "Monarchomachs" and others. 8891 (quotation from p. 91), Foa, Jrmie, "Tous ceux qui tombent. Catherine de' Medici might say that the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day was never intended to happen. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) [49], The French 18th-century historian Louis-Pierre Anquetil, in his Esprit de la Ligue of 1767, was among the first to begin impartial historical investigation, emphasizing the lack of premeditation (before the attempt on Coligny) in the massacre and that Catholic mob violence had a history of uncontrollable escalation. View western civ 14&15.docx from SOC MISC at North Carolina Wesleyan College. Uh-oh, it looks like your Internet Explorer is out of date. Please enable JavaScript on your browser. Javascript is not enabled in your browser. The featured documents offer a rich array of sources on the conflict including royal edicts, popular songs, polemics, eyewitness accounts, memoirs, paintings, and engravings to enable students to explore the massacre, the nature of church-state relations, the moral responsibility of secular and religious authorities, and the origins and consequences of religious persecution and intolerance in this period. This was much more than a war against the policies of the crown, as in the first three civil wars; it was a campaign against the very existence of the Gallican monarchy itself". Mark Twain described the massacre in "From the Manuscript of 'A Tramp Abroad' (1879): The French and the Comanches", an essay about "partly civilized races". 33. St. Bartholomew's Day massacre; File:Giorgio Vasari San Bartolomeo.jpg; File usage on other wikis. It depicts the massacre as having been instigated by Catherine de' Medici for both religious and political reasons, and authorised by a weak-willed and easily influenced Charles IX.[103]. Leonard Sachs appeared as Admiral Coligny and Joan Young played Catherine de' Medici. For work more useful in explaining the nature and causes of popular . -The Huguenot faction was fatally wounded. They were ordered to shut the city gates and arm the citizenry to prevent any attempt at a Protestant uprising. The murder of thous We are processing your request. This play was translated into English, with some adaptations, as The Massacre by the actress and playwright Elizabeth Inchbald in 1792. It was not accepted by traditionalist Catholics or by the Pope. Body counts relating to other payments are computed from this. Kill them! 2. Bloody Mary on the throne (1553-1558) he was a politique he restarted the french wars of religion he was hated by the french peasantry the inflation of the sixteenth century was a result of the influx of wealth from the new world and increased population spanish dreams of a world empire were undermined by the revolt of the netherlands [55] On the other hand, the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian II, King Charles's father-in-law, was sickened, describing the massacre as a "shameful bloodbath". He describes how the religious divide, which gave the Huguenots different patterns of dress, eating and pastimes, as well as the obvious differences of religion and (very often) class, had become a social schism or cleavage. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. His only surviving work is the best known depiction of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. She, supposed his words had different meanings that alluded to his plan to stir up new storms and. "[28] A jubilee celebration, including a procession, was then held, while the killings continued in parts of the city. Charles was persuaded to approve of the scheme, and, on the night of August 23, members of the Paris municipality were called to the Louvre and given their orders. The Catholic Reformation A. Ignatius of Loyola & the Society of Jesus B. Though no details of the meeting survive, Charles IX and his mother apparently made the decision to eliminate the Protestant leaders. See also: Pearl, Jonathan L. (1998), Holt (2005 ed. Paperback. Revolutionary Violence in Elizabeth Inchbald's, Letters from Earth. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. available here The murder of thousands of French Protestants by Catholics in August 1572 influenced not only the subsequent course of Frances civil wars and state building, but also patterns of international alliance and long-standing cultural values across Europe. Nowhere was this system more fully and expertly articulated than by the Republic of Venice in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Elizabeth (queen of England, 1558-1603) On August 26, the king and court established the official version of events by going to the Paris Parlement. For the, Attempted assassination of Admiral de Coligny, Holt (2005), pp. 1. On the evening of 23 August, Catherine went to see the king to discuss the crisis. How Did the Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day Start? Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. 32. 3.
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