Neuroimaging results indicated that the frontal lobe area showed repeated activation amounting as a region with a condition of high reliability and strong activity during handwriting [90]. recognizing to graphology an interest of modest proportions, ascertained common evidence among the findings from some graphological studies and deductible instead in his opinion even from simple impressions deduced by nave in graphology placed in front of the same writings [105]. The foundation lies in the possibility to build a bridge of connection to the psychic sphere, unveiling in this way, those shadow areas, unconscious and therefore less evident of the human soul. In substance, it has been produced an assimilation between procedures concerning the personality evaluation and ranging from graphology to astrology, numerology up to include alternative forms of medicine such as osteopathy and acupuncture. Results in this study showed that brain activity predominantly correlated with the right hemisphere indicating a greater neural efficiency positively modulated in the right hemisphere [57]. Graphologist Definition Some surveys indicate that it is rather rarely used outside of France, where estimates vary between 38% and 93% of organizations [31, 32]. Graphology is the study of handwriting as a means of analyzing character. The author insisted on the prerequisites of the experience, training and observation in the use of tools of graphology, not separated even by good psychological skills. Neter E, Ben Shakhar G (1989) The predictive validity of graphological inferences: A meta-analytic approach. In the results, the evidence concerning the first and second groups showed a reduction in heart rate and an increase in body temperature compared to the baseline measurements. With the study of handwriting some paradoxes of a persons character can be comprehended through graphology. (2004) Kinematical analysis of handwriting movements in depressed patients. Hirsh HN (1987) Review of Baruch: the Scientific Aspects of graphology. It is also known as 'the writing of the brain'. Graphology TS L (1996) undefined. assessment center zur identifizierung von. The present paper highlights the historical and methodological approaches of graphology and its usefulness in human knowledge in order to give a glimpse of the complexity of this discipline. Returning to the source of the frontal writing centre hypothesis. On the other hand, it is also reported in the literature that numerous companies of significant size make use of the services of graphology for trace elements and information about personality based on the assumption that handwriting and personality differ from person to person; according to what it is believed, therefore, that in the handwriting emerge aspects and features relating to the person who writes [37]. conducted a study with the aim to investigate the level of accuracy in capturing data related to psychiatric conditions associated with suicide attempts from handwriting analysis produced by a sample of 40 people who had executed the attempt compared to a control group of 40 healthy people [51]. Graphology examines a writing in order to extract unfiltered information about innate temperament and subconscious nature of who has traced the letters. These forms of meditation attested by instrumental data obtained, a brain activation, a regularized activity of the immune system, better intellectual capabilities. Teulings HL, Contreras Vidal JL, Stelmach GE, Adler CH (1997) Parkinsonism Reduces Coordination of Fingers, Wrist, and Arm in Fine Motor Control. They identified an essentially left-hemisphere network associated with written word production, providing estimates of the most likely locations of activation within these areas. Teillard A (1968) Lme et lcriture. The theoretical system of graphology, based on physiology and psychology and its connection with the other branches of characterology, was the work of the German school. In the rest of Europe, particularly in Germany, Ludwig Klages (1872-1956) a philosopher and a psychologist was the leading figure in the field of characterology and tried to perceive the level of fullness of life of the person from studies on handwriting. These regions are located in: i) the left superior frontal area, ii) the left superior parietal area, iii) primary motor and sensorimotor cortex, iv) the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas, v) right anterior cerebellum, vi) left posterior nucleus of thalamus, vii) ventral premotor area/inferior frontal gyrus, viii) right posterior cerebellum, ix) right superior frontal cortex, x) right inferior parietal lobule, xi) left fusiform gyrus, and xii) left putamen. Correlations with Measures of Perception, Cognitive Function, and Personality. Roux FE, Draper L, Kpke B, Dmonet JF (2010) Who actually read Exner? Graumann HM (1983) History and principles of graphology. Learn more. (2019) The effect of task complexity on handwriting kinetics. Nikolaou I, Judge TA (2007) Fairness Reactions to Personnel Selection Techniques in Greece: The role of core self-evaluations. In contrast, Ben-Shakhar et al. In this context Platon and colleagues argued that the superior parietal cortex might be concerned with the selection or representation of letter shapes and had a part of a high-level interface between motor and language areas during written language production [90]. Other criticisms were moves to graphology in terms of scientific reliability already beginning to experimental work examined by Fluckinger and coworkers in 1961 that judged poor graphology inference; and subsequently Klimoski et al. Outcomes demonstrated that individuals affected by schizophrenia spectrum disorder or bipolar disorder manifested significant motor impairments [65]. In Italy, the founder of graphology in Ancona, is considered the Father Girolamo Moretti (1879-1963), who wrote under the pseudonym of Umberto Koch, the manual of graphology and the first of many editions of the Treaty of graphology which is still now used. In 1985 the graphologist had been employed in the field of human resources in different countries [26, 27]. conducted a study focused on the identification of specialized brain areas according to the multiplicity of the representation of the letters such as motoric similarities B vs. P, visual similarities A vs. R, abstract similarities A vs. a [57, 96]. Among these, the left frontal superior sulcus area, the left superior parietal area and the right anterior cerebellum represent the areas that have shown a reliable and repetitive activation during handwriting and it does suggest a possible important role played in writing processes in accordance with the perspective taken into account by Sugihara and colleagues that have defined the posterior end of the superior frontal gyrus and the anterior part of the left superior parietal area as writing centers [91]. Their results revealed that inferior frontal gyrus may represent a key link between phonological processing and written production quality in beginning writers. No scientific evidence exists to support graphology, [1] [2] and it is generally considered a pseudoscience [3] [4] [5] [6] or scientifically questionable practice. Graphology is a blend of art and science. Van Gemmert AW, Teulings HL, Contreras Vidal JL, Stelmach GE (1999) Parkinsons disease and the control of size and speed in handwriting. Watson D (1995) A dictionary of mind and body: therapies, techniques, and ideas in alternative medicine, the healing arts and psychology. Useful supplement to improve the results of the survey were information about age, gender and the cultural level of the writer. Ben Shakhar G, Bar Hillel M, Bilu Y, Ben Abba E, Flug A (1986) Can graphology predict occupational success? Graphology based behavioural analysis is gaining popularity in the recent years due to widespread applications across diverse fields, such as psychology, education, medicine, criminal detection, marriage . Rassegna di Neuropsichiatria. Recent analyses of the cytoarchitecture and connectivity of neural areas have provided four key regions that appear to be important in categorizing the brains writing system [57, 71-73]. The discrepancy between dissimilar opinions constitutes a stimulus to deepen studies and verifications concerning the complementary use of graphology between the techniques of investigation into the psychological characteristics of the person. With regard to written production the specific function of this area is playing a role in allographic processing. (2008) Learning through Hand- or Typewriting Influences Visual Recognition of New Graphic Shapes: Behavioral and Functional Imaging Evidence. This is the first reflection which aims to delineate clearly the identity of graphology, facing with critical rigor the epistemic contradictions and doubts related to this discipline to outline horizons in which systematizing its contribution. Allport GW, Vernon PE (1933) Studies in expressive movement. The act of writing is a complex cognitive process as it is based on complicated sensory, motor and perceptual functions. Graphemics deals with the customary ways we transcribe spoken language . Pap Present to 7th Br Symp Graphol Oxford. Moving beyond the observation that the neural substrates underlying brain structures involved in handwriting process represent an equally intriguing yet elusive concept, Platon and co-workers described studies that have managed to move toward a greater understanding of the neural system contributing to written language productions [90]. In the second half of the nineteenth century, between 1806 and 1881, in France, the Abb Jean-Hippolyte Michon coined the term graphology catalogued as a series of recurrent graphic signs and empirically linked to specific aspects of the character. James KH, Gauthier I (2006) Letter processing automatically recruits a sensory-motor brain network. Caligiuri MP, Teulings HL, Filoteo JV, Song D, Lohr JB (2006) Quantitative measurement of handwriting in the assessment of drug-induced parkinsonism. The Abb Jean-Hippolyte Michon devoted himself to the study of graphic signs cataloging and tracking down characteristic meanings of personality on empirical basis. (2019) Handwriting Features of Multiple Drawing Tests for Early Detection of Alzheimers Disease: A Preliminary Result. However there has been an upswing in the number of functional neuroimaging investigations in this field. A series of studies on depressive evidence through the use of graphology have occurred over time [47]. These essentially consist of ambiguous stimuli, with no formal and precise structure which allows the person wide margin of representation. For graphologists the handwriting is one of those non-verbal forms of expression that underlie mental mechanisms a more or less conscious to the individual. investigated the use of handwriting in the study of motor abnormalities in patients suffering from bipolar or psychotic disorders. i) The fusiform gyrus is most relevant to selectivity to letter, word stimuli and deriving word-form [74-78]. Figure 1: The estimated number of graphologists according to Bradley, set in descending order on the basis of the percentage of graphologists in the active population (millions). These elements are used by graphologists in handwriting assessments. King and Koehler have supported the phenomenon of illusory correlation in the use of graphology for the definition of personality traits [37]. Dedalo. psychology, scientific discipline that studies mental states and processes and behaviour in humans and other animals. First of all, it is necessary to collect a handwriting sample with the largest number of alphabetical letters including a span of words ranging from 5 to 100, written using a pen on a white leaf that is devoid of graphs and lines. investigated the specific neuroanatomical correlates of written language production in children [57]. Planton S, Jucla M, Roux FE, Dmonet JF (2013) The handwriting brain: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of motor versus orthographic processes. At work, the model found application in graphological personnel selection. There is a clear consensus regarding its functional role in writing that some researchers positing that Exners area act as an interface between orthographic or graphemic abstract representations and the generation of motor commands [89, 90]. Brewer J (1985) Graphology: pen and paper diagnosis. Like drawing, writing according to the techniques of graphological investigations illustrates a unique and unrepeatable way in every human being that is expressed more and more in the course of life in a spontaneous manner and through which the unconscious connotations of the human soul are projected. Completely disagree with Frank, Driver et al. For Aristotle, in fact, it was important to capture the expressiveness of the writing gesture considering it as an element of revelation of the way in which the soul is conceived. Read also: Analysis of Letters In the controversy between followers and detractors of graphology in the group of supporters Rafaeli and Klimoski hypothesized in graphology even a tool for prediction of success or not in the workplace [104]. In 2014, Kao and colleagues referring in the last three decades to the psychogeometric theory of Chinese character have focused systematically in a study of mental processes and the body resorting to the use of the method of writing Chinese calligraphy [69]. have examined the motion abnormalities in subjects at risk of psychosis by estimating the increased presence of displacing movements of the pen. The study may be focused on two or three handwriting samples produced in a period of about one or two months. Grafton ST, Fadiga L, Arbib MA, Rizzolatti G (1997) Premotor Cortex Activation during Observation and Naming of Familiar Tools. The results were in agreement with the increasing evidence that alterations of movement are a key feature of the risk of psychosis and that appear to be associated with a dysregulation of the dopaminergic fronto-striatal system since the literature reports that patients with Parkinsons disease treated with dopamine agonists displayed a higher frequency of displacing movements of the pen and patients who suffer from schizophrenia not treated with neuroleptics showed abnormalities of movement [61-64]. This manuscript aims to provide a quantitative picture of the handwriting analysis trying to combine insights from different sources and exploring conditions, limits and possibilities of its subject matter and methods involved. On a psychological level this physiological characterization corresponds to the presence in both sexes of heterogeneous characteristics, the Animus and the Anima symbolize archetypal figures of the psyche, each of which is related to the opposite sex. The French graphologist selected 200 graphological signs that gathered in seven categories consisted of: size, shape, pressure, speed, direction, layout and continuity, all addressed in the unicum of a gestalt. The use of the techniques of graphology was suggested by Graumann in monitoring of a psychotherapeutic process than a declining its application nature included in an arc that moves between the possibility of complementary aid in the phases of psychological and medical research, assessments relating to the progress of care processes and their use in the re-education writing [68]. denounced in graphology a poor reliability on the assessment of personality traits and the prediction of achievement success in the workplace [105]. Handwriting analysis draws reliable conclusions about the spirit personality of a writer. Graphology is based on the premise that writing is a form of expressive behavior, although there is little empirical evidence for its validity. It reveals how a person feels, thinks, and behaves. Objective tools for measuring were represented by ruler and protractor to calculate tilt, height and size; regularity, harmony and continuity were a variety of means complementary to the survey. (2007) Parietal Dysgraphia: Characterization of Abnormal Writing Stroke Sequences, Character Formation and Character Recall. The observations derived from his studies revealed in some neurotic patients during the course of therapy, the progressive disappearance of specific graphic signs such as the size and density in the lower zone, the bizarre decorations in capital letters, the alterations in the flow of the rhythm. The connotations of projective tests are according to Frank, therefore, linked to the lack of a structured stimulus, the wide range of response options [18]. Graphology is the analysis of handwriting with attempt to determine someone's personality traits. De Rosa AG, Pacini A, Scaroni E, Riccardo F, Nardi L et al. relationship of anizational culture teamwork and job. Bollati Boringhieri. Gawda B (2013) Little evidence for the graphical markers of depression. Williams et al. The change in handwriting in accordance with the physical and mental condition of a person such as anxiety, fatigue, stress, pain, even within in the same day has been indicated by Singer as an unfavorable element regarding the identification of a person character by the analysis of his or her handwriting since such conditions can influence it [98]. Urbani P (2004) Processo alla grafologia: magia, arte o scienza? In particular, empiricism denies the possibility of innate ideas, arguing that the mind at birth is like a blank sheet of paper (see tabula rasa ). In the course of the evolution of the studies on writing, the graphologists drew in parallel on the areas that were developing and expanding in psychological theories and practices, in particular important points of reference for them were Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung. Tallinn 15551, Estonia The interpretation also considered comparisons between productions of the same writer and graphic elements of interpretation derived from empirical data of previous researchers. Bangerter A, Knig CJ, Blatti S, Salvisberg A (2009) How Widespread is Graphology in Personnel Selection Practice? The persistence of one of these phases in the adult personality will determine its character. Giuseppe Marano Cambridge University Press 205-232. Crpieux Jamin (1947) Lcriture et le caractre. Petrides M, Pandya DN (1984) Projections to the frontal cortex from the posterior parietal region in the rhesus monkey. The monitoring consisted in the measurement of respiratory rate, EMG signs and heart rate. Michon founded the first school of graphology and a journal La Graphologie that continues today to be published. Driver RW, Buckley MR, Frink DD (1996) Should We Write Off Graphology? Satow R, Rector J (1995) Using Gestalt Graphology to Identify Entrepreneurial Leadership. It is possible to monitor the handwriting in itinere, that is, at separate times, taking into account the variables that can act and intervene on the human soul. His training depends on the personal history of the individual and varies from individual to individual. In 1994, Kristeva concerning the same condition of psychological distress in addition to a lighter pressure in the tract showed several breaks irregularities, the letters m and n filiform and a descending line [43]. Bradley recognized the need for systematic studies on a large scale to prove the validity of graphology noting that graphology has been developed using a combination of inductive and deductive reasoning [99]. (2007) Optimizing international humanitarian assistance through the definition of personal profiles: the role of graphology. Bollati Boringhieri. Handwriting for graphology was and is still regarded as an expression of projective aspects of the self of the person in the same way psychology uses projective techniques. Nezos R (1992) Graphology. The literature suggests that abnormalities of movement are a key feature also observed in psychosis [60]. The handwriting analysis is characterized as a valuable tool for the dental treatment of so-called difficult patients. The discipline of psychology is broadly divisible into two parts: a large profession of practitioners and a smaller but growing science of mind, brain, and social behaviour. Harel S, Holtzman M, Jurgenson U, Reider I, Feinsod M (1985) Cerebellar astrocytoma presenting as deterioration of handwriting in a child. 16192 Coastal HWY, Lewes Lin YC, Chao YL, Hsu CH, Hsu HM, Chen PT et al. Among the best-known examples, the test of Inkblots of Rorschach is most fitting [16]. In Lindeman opinion, confirmation bias would be ascribable to the so-called Barnum effect, with regard to which people would believe in horoscopes as such under the awning of the Phineas Taylor Barnums famous circus live together so many different characters and numbers that everyone can find something fun, through the paradigm of Barnum effect it has been then explained the reason for the success of the circus [118, 120-123]. In accordance with this correlation, the author led to further investigations that identified aspects graphometrically identifiable on character traits of extroversion or similar to some inner conflict [53]. Nevo B (1989) Validation of Graphology through use of a Matching Method Based on Ranking. Therefore, the assignment of managerial skills would result rather vague and banal for the author, easily found in the thought of the common man. considered, unlike projective tests, graphology as a test sufficiently structured inherent in the writing itself and the lack of consideration of the textual content constituted one of the elements being assessed in responses to projective tests [13]. This area is usually referred to Exners area that is located within a small area along the lateral convexity of the left frontal lobe and it is identified as a major writing center [90, 93]. In 1991, a study conducted with the same intent did not seem to get anything of significant in the use of graphology on the evaluation of the aspects of personality [102]. Lubrano V, Roux FE, Dmonet JF (2004) Writing-specific sites in frontal areas: a cortical stimulation study. Mergl R, Juckel G, Rihl J, Henkel V, Karner M et al. In our opinion, same subjects can be assessed from the point of view of their handwriting productions at different times, which refer to different conditions. Lindeman reflecting on the reasons why people believe in pseudoscience had already compared astrology and graphology for the reason that both turn to aspects related to personality, generic and easily attributable to extensive ranges of psychological types in their generality [118]. This term was first brought into use in . info@sciencerepository.org Graphemics is a branch of linguistics that studies writing and print as systems of signs. The concept was invented by the French, he notes, and to become a graphologist, you typically have to study for around five to seven years. Sharma JM BV (1985) Graphology: what handwriting can tell you about an Applicant. Although the cerebellum has been associated with written word production, its specificity has not been clearly identified probably because the cerebellum is a complex structure involved in several functions such as motor learning, coordination of voluntary movements, cognitive functions, maintenance of balance and posture. In the alteration of this mechanism the motor slowing, for example, represents an important aspect of depression, Mergl et al. in: Calvert GA, Spence C be Stein (Eds.). Hence, he was in favour of graphology only for macroscopic evidence due to serious diseases of the central nervous system such as parkinsonism or Korsakoffs syndrome that have a clear influence on the handwriting easily detectable by an experienced eye; in his view, therefore, it is not possible to derive a correspondence between handwriting and character. Two frontal and parietal superior regions seem to be involved, whereas fronto-medial, precentral, frontal inferior, temporal posterior, thalamic and cerebellar areas act at different degrees, from orthographic selection to motor execution. Tedeschi G (1950) DallInconscio personale di Freud allInconscio collettivo di Jung. Williams M, Berg Cross G, Berg Cross L (1977) Handwriting Characteristics and Their Relationship to Eysencks Extraversion-Introversion and Kagans Impulsivity-Relfectivity Dimensions. Mouly S, Mah I, Champion K, Bertin C, Popper P et al. Graphology, handwriting, psychology, neurosciences, biology. In 1894, meanwhile, a French psychologist of the Sorbonne, professor of physiological psychology, Alfred Binet, dedicated himself to the study of handwriting to get the sex of the person who writes, in his essay Les rvlations de lcriture daprs un contrle scientifique. During its beginnings, Graphology tried to get to know the individual, analyzing the different characters of writing. Caligiuri MP, Teulings HL, Dean CE, Niculescu AB, Lohr J (2009) Handwriting movement analyses for monitoring drug-induced motor side effects in schizophrenia patients treated with risperidone. According to the ethical code adopted by the Socit Franaise de Graphologie, graphology is described in terms of a human science, technique of observation and interpretation that allows the study of personality through handwriting analysis. In Germany a contemporary of Michon, Adolf Hentze, worked as a graphological practitioner for a Leipzig periodical and by a series of correct handwriting analyses not only . 1. Bruchon Schweitzer M, Ferrieux D (1991) Une enquete sur le recruitement en France. Dean DJ, Teulings HL, Caligiuri M, Mittal VA (2013) Handwriting analysis indicates spontaneous dyskinesias in neuroleptic nave adolescents at high risk for psychosis. It takes a wide range of activities to study handwriting. Graphology is a discipline that investigates personality and intellect of the individual through writing, indeed handwriting of the human being is an expression of his or her essence. They found that the semantic associations between the words used to describe personality traits were the source of the perceived correlation that might motivate the use of graphology in the face of evidence against its validity. Lowis and Mooney examined whether specific components of the writing of a sample of 100 students could connect to the personality traits and the success that they obtained in written examinations [107]. Barrett observes the multifaceted aspects of a personality that are reflected in the handwriting and can be expressed sometimes in contradictory sense [100]. gy gra-fl--j plural graphologies : the study of handwriting especially for the purpose of character analysis graphological The extension of the graphological methodology also in the field of dentistry in a survey of 2013 differentiated behaviours and psychological tendencies manifested during the application of the prosthesis in relation to the emotional state [56]. So, unlike psychology, which is "the science concerned with the mind and mental processes," Webster's does not regard graphology to be a "science." What, then, is Webster's definition of a "science"? Among those who do not consider graphology a scientific discipline, Furnham referring to the book of Watson titled: A Dictionary of Mind and Body: Therapies, Techniques and Ideas in Alternative Medicine [116]. Between 1889 and 1978 the Estonian psychologist Ania Teillard before he dedicated herself to the study of Jung and later became a pupil of Klages and established contacts with Pulver, Saudek and Crpieux-Jamin. in: P. Herriot. (2007) Graphology for the diagnosis of suicide attempts: a blind proof of principle controlled study. For instance, generosity is reflected by wide spacing of words and large handwriting is associated with confidence. Such activation is explained as the result of motor control functions derived from complex finger movements [94]. Responsibilities of Editor and Editorial Board. Graphology is an auxiliary technique of psychology, medicine and justice, among others. (2009) The graphemic/motor frontal area Exners area revisited. Graphology is a projective technique which objective is the study of personality traits of individuals through the interpretation of the so called graphic strokes of handwriting. In psychosexual development, the passages are described by Freud as critical moments that do not always travel naturally towards each other to the arrival of conflicting conditions or, to use a term introduced by him, for not overcoming the complex or the trauma or of the shock occurred.
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