what is a group of bandits called

Harmondsworth, U.K., 1972. London, 1971. Although they were supported by the local community whose yearnings for a prepolitical just world they embodied, they were usually betrayed. B for Butterflies A group of butterflies is called a kaleidoscope (and when you imagine a massive group of them all taking wing it's easy to see why!) On page 245 of A History of Crime in England, there is a record of the exploits of a gang leader called "Adam the Leper.". First, bandites d'honneur, heroes of the vendetta, exponents of personal honor on the periphery of society, are always presented on the horizon of the past, as traces of a nostalgic world that has been lost forever. The extreme violence practiced by bandits against peasants in many contemporary accounts has been interpreted in two ways: as expressive or as instrumental. In Puglia few legal or illegal opportunities were available for social mobility, and the social relations of production encouraged the emergence of collective solidarity and of anarchosyndicalism (a doctrine advocating that workers seize control of the economy and government). The state is therefore complicit in the construction and interpretation of banditry. A Spanish attempt to drive away the buccaneers by exterminating the game animals on the islands backfired, leaving the buccaneers more dependent than ever on their raids of Spanish shipping. However, banditry also arose because throughout Latin American history, elite rule restricted access to economic opportunity and political expression. That is, it is an incontrovertible fact that bandits often terrorized peasants who appear to have voluntarily supported them; yet this fact does not exhaust or even address the issue of why and how banditry emerged, how it was sustained, or how bandit myths achieved such potency at both the local and national levels. Passive complicity consisted of a series of unconnected individual acceptances of the status quo and served to conceal illegal violent acts. [28], The career of banditry often led leaders to assemble more bandits and army deserters and organize predatory gangs into active rebel groups. Britannica Dictionary definition of BANDIT [count] : a criminal who attacks and steals from travelers and who is often a member of a group of criminals They were two of the most famous bandits [= outlaws, robbers] of the 19th century. But Latin American bandits have appeared in varied and complex guises. Like Robin Hood's Band of Merry Men, Kil-tong's group of bandits. Corsairs were essentially privateers, although the term corsair carried an added religious connotation because the conflict was between Muslim and Christian powers. The more protected an individual was, especially by powerful patrons, as in Sicily, the less he needed to use violence for the meanings it could convey and the more opportunities he had to employ ambiguity and courtesya point noted by many outside observers, although such courtesy must surely have been ironic. Being Bandits, almost all of their armor is torn, tattered, worn, battered, or frayed, and nearly all of their weapons are rusty, splintered, and bent. [16] As Shih-Shan Henry Tsai explained, self-castration was just another way to escape impoverishment; and when a group of eunuchs failed to find employment in the palace, they often turned to mob violence. 2023 . The unduly positive images of historical bandits generated in folklore were offset by the negative images from politically motivated government sources. [28], Bandits often operated in groups under one or more leaders. Banditry can be seen as a legal category, a social category, and as a series of powerful stories and myths. ." Ortalli, Gherardo, ed. That power can also be manifested in the paradoxical expressiveness of silencethe unspoken stories that say it all. Political banditry often required outside support to be successful. When elites denied them access to land or to a living wage, the rural masses struck back using legal and extralegal tactics, including banditry. She brings her brothers along on a journey with Peter, a group of bandits called the Lost Boys, and his pint-sized pixie friend Tinker Bell, to the magical world of Neverland. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian collective imaginary, Le roi des montagnes. In addition to the highly developed economy of Beijing, the Region also contained numerous commercial cities; these cities not only attracted merchants but also bandits. Blok formulated the "principle" that the more successful a bandit, the greater the protection he enjoyed. For this reason he was highly esteemed by the poor of Naples. [11] Banditry was especially pervasive in the southern provinces (most notably Guangdong and Fujian) and the second half of the dynasty (1506-1644). For many people, the term pirate conjures up images of the so-called golden age of piracy, in the 17th and 18th centuries, along with legendary pirates such as Blackbeard or Captain Kidd or their fictional equivalents such as Long John Silver or Captain Jack Sparrow. Robbed from the rich and corrupt like monks & local magistrates and gave to the poor. Edited by John G. Persistiany and Julian Pitt-Rivers. The German equivalent to Dick Turpin is Johann Bckler (17831803), alias Schinderhannes (John the Knacker). Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. A trader who worked for Queen Philippa of Hainault, the wife of Edward III, was holding some jewels on her behalf in his house in London. This interpretation is also problematic since violence reinforces the fragmentation of peasant collective consciousness but is not its direct cause. They used their prepotency and violence to protect their kins' interests and thus ensure the support of family against betrayal to the state. It was they who made a stand at the Read More asidism If youre not sure, you can usually refer to a large collection of a bug species as a swarm (for large groups of flying insects) or colony. Bandits are seen as beyond the pale of "civilized society," a symptom of the low level of development of the countryside, a problem impeding progress and thus meriting swift, equally brutal, suppression by the army or police, without much regard to the constitutional human rights the modern state claims to protect. As an exchange between individuals, banditry thus employed a specific set of finely graded messages involving violence to the body and property of the victim. See more. Throughout the early modern period, especially in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, affluent travelers and merchants as well as peasants and farmers were afraid of banditry. When caught and juridically processed, their bodies became the subject of a publicly demonstrated spectacle of state power. kangaroos, lemurs, lions and whales illustrations with animal group names, Guzaliia Filimonova / iStock / Getty Images Plus / via Getty created by YourDictionary, geese, owls, parrots and swans illustrations with animal group names, ants, bees, flies and spiders illustration with animal group names, SENRYU / iStock / Getty Images Plus / via Getty created by YourDictionary. Stories about bandits are therefore an intrinsic part of the phenomenon. These . History Workshop 33 (1992): 124. [13] Whistling arrow bandits had troubled the Capital Region throughout the first three decades of the sixteenth century. Ancient History, Middle Ages and Feudalism. In Honour and Grace in Anthropology. [13] They had posed such serious threat that special police attention was given to them and failure to arrest them on time incurred severer punishment (further information on Ming justice system can be found in History of criminal justice). If you see some of them in a group, they might be referred to as a gang or a pack. They thus shifted their wealth into land, their pastoral backgrounds proving particularly useful both in co-opting bandits and in suppressing peasant unrest. ." Barcelona, 19621963. See "Letteratura e Mafia," pp. In early-seventeenth-century France the region of Prigord was infested with bandits. Outlaws and Highwaymen: The Cult of the Robber in England from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century. What does the name Bandit mean? If bandits are the backward, bloodthirsty, unthinking, "barbarians" the state (and army) portray them as, then it is the state's duty to suppress them in order to protect "civilized" values. Prior to that, you were just as likely to refer to them as a group, herd, or pack. In mountainous areas of early modern Spain, banditry and brigandage remained a continual phenomenon throughout the period under discussion. Throughout the Mediterranean, at least as far back as the eighteenth century, banditry has often been incorporated in nationalist and regional rhetoric. By the mid-nineteenth century the countryside of Europe's periphery became a theatrical topos where the vicarious fantasies and terrors of an emergent national literate bourgeoisie could be collectivized and enacted in literature. In Europe banditry assumed its most important forms in rural societies, particularly in Mediterranean regions and particularly as property relations changed in the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries. In Crete, for example, extensive livestock theft was legitimated orally by reference to highly selective, nationalist accounts of the "freedom-loving" Klephts of old mentioned in in schoolbooks. 27 Apr. Like the contemporary "Bandit Queen" in India, Guiliano became the subject of novels and films. The major haunts of bandits in the early modern period were the Dalmatian highlands between Venice and Turkey, the vast frontier region of Hungary, Catalonia, the Pyrenees near the French border, and some of the low mountain regions in the Holy Roman Empire (e.g., Spessart, Westerwald). [8] Tong analyzes that the peasants had to make a "rational choice" between surviving harsh conditions and surviving through illegal activities of banditry. According to Hobsbawm, the characteristic feature of social bandits is that "they are peasant outlaws who the lord and state regard as criminals, but who remain within peasant society, and are considered by the people as heroes, as champions, avengers, fighters for justice, perhaps even leaders of liberation, and in any case as men to be admired, helped and supported" (p. 17). Conflict and Control: Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Italy. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry. Nor was it because they lived or died "nobly." Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry. A widespread and effective climate of fear would in any case be difficult to maintain if it were to be reduced to the potential violent actions of a few individuals, unless it were supported by a consent bandits received at the local level. Gilbert M. Joseph, "On the Trail of Latin American Bandits: A Reexamination of Peasant Resistance," in Latin American Research Review 25, no. Neither solely a prepolitical form of protest nor a means of suppressing peasant unrest, it may have performed these functions among others. Inevitably, state authorities viewed such violence as a sign of "barbarism" to be mercilessly extirpated, and as a moral weakness in the peasants who were duped by the bandits. Looters are the first-tier infantry for Bandits. Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty relates that the great bandit Zhang Mao lived in a big mansion in his hometown Wenan. Bandits did not necessarily belong to the peasantry; they often belonged to those groups who sponsored or controlled the production of (often) literary symbols. These practices contribute to the mythic value of the bandit or mafioso, which Diego Gambetta suggests is an essential precondition for the trust that mafiosi and others require to operate. 75107. Stories that circulate about the bandit or mafioso often constitute an essential part of his power. The term corsair is tied to the Mediterranean Sea, where, from roughly the late 14th century to the early 19th century, the Ottoman Empire dueled with the Christian states of Europe for maritime supremacy. Banditry in Islam: Case Studies from Morocco, Algeria, and the PakistanNorth West Frontier. A person who engages in banditry is known as a bandit and primarily commits crimes such as extortion, robbery, and murder, either as an individual or in groups. Hobsbawm, Eric. A privateer was a pirate with papers. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Gambetta, Diego. The term is derived from the Roman-law concept of status rei Romanae, i.e., the public law of th, Bandicoots (Peramelidae and Peroryctidae), https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry. Unlike mythical bandits, however, actual gangs acted more often on the basis of self-interest and opportunism than in the defense of peasant-class interests. We know that a woman called Mara Bonita died with Lampio in a hail of gunfire in 1938. How authorities have responded to this form of prepotency (either through savage repression or co-option of strongmen) has itself influenced responses to banditry at the local level. Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization. Erick D. Langer, Economic Change and Rural Resistance in Southern Bolivia, 18801930 (1989). Blok, Anton. Cambridge, U.K., 1992. Calculated arbitrariness in imposing one's will and extravagant generosity are two aspects of the same phenomenon. Kther, Carsten. London and New York, 1988. Much the same appears to have happened in Andalusia, where absentee landlords were separated from a mass of largely landless laborers and where rural discontent increasingly took class forms. For an analysis of banditry, it may be useful to steer a middle course, borrowing from the various perspectives that treat bandits as primitive social rebels (as Hobsbawm does), as individual opportunists, or as the co-opted henchmen of rural potentates (as Blok does). Robbery, kidnapping, and murder all qualify as piratical activities, provided theres some water and a boat involved. Pirate is the most general of the four terms. The late medieval legend of Robin Hood, who robbed the rich, switched clothes with beggars, and helped the poor, was popular not only in England but also in the rest of Europe for hundreds of years. In the Mediterranean and elsewhere the circulation of popular accounts of bandits was particularly significant, sometimes interacting in complex ways with the creation of the nation-state's history. "Genuine" banditry always seems to have existed in the past, never in the present. Translated by Sin Reynolds. [25], Once they forcefully acquired goods and commodities, bandits had to sell them. Myth and folklore color some famous bandits so completely that accurate historical depiction is difficult. They exhibited little loyalty and switched sides according to their assessment of the best potential profit. In other cases, such as in Corsica, mules' ears were cut off as a ritual death threat. Banditry employed a set of moral codes drawn and indistinguishable from kinship-based ideas of justice and retribution; hence a reaction against banditry was often impossible because it conflicted with the moral codes that regulated traditional society. In Sicily and Greece violent entrepreneurs from pastoral backgrounds managed to create new niches for themselves in the nation-state, especially when the new regime attempted to penetrate the countryside. LOCATION: central and western part of the Balkan Peninsula (Southeastern Europe) , Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, Kosovo, "Fascism" was the ideology of the movement that, under the leadership of Benito Mussolini, seized power in Italy in 1922 and held power until the All, The independent (and sovereign) political community. The mythology and rhetoric that surround banditry must be interpreted carefully. Many bandits in Corsica, Sicily, Cypress, and elsewhere embarked on their careers through personal vendettas. Encyclopedia.com. Other Italian bandits never reached his fame as they lacked popular support. J "Banditry Two pioneer historians who emphasized the social aspects of banditry were Franco Molfese and Eric Hobsbawm. Bandits were often romanticized after the fact by way of rhetoric and texts that circulated with a life of their own, giving the bandits a permanence and potency that transcended their localized domain and transitory nature. Local elites, not the peasant masses, generally provided the support, material assistance (food, arms, clothing), hiding places, and intelligence needed by bandit gangs. He and his gang invaded isolated farmhouses, terrorizing and torturing the female occupants into giving up their valuables. Archives europennes de Sociologie 24 (1988): 127145. (April 27, 2023). One 1485 official report revealed that local people, some probably working as fences (see Fences in Ming China), purchased stolen animals and goods from highway bandits at lower prices. [24] Another important skill was horsemanship, especially in the Northern Capital Region, where mounted banditry concentrated. While you are within your rights to refer to them as a bunch of guys, animal species all have their own collective group names. The Poetics of Manhood. Hobsbawm distinguished bandits from gangs drawn from the professional underworld and from communities for whom raiding was a normal way of life (such as the Bedouins). The women who shared the roving life of bandits normally did not step outside the generally accepted gender role. [17], The Capital Region also housed a huge number of soldiers with Ming's system of hereditary military and a major portion of bandits were actually soldiers stationed in the region. Sustained banditry required concealable, transportable wealth (cash, cash crops, animals, alcohol, narcotics) that left few traces. Banditry is a type of organized crime committed by outlaws typically involving the threat or use of violence. Rosalie Schwartz, Lawless Liberators: Political Banditry and Cuban Independence (1989). Bandits were recruited from the most mobile segments of peasant society: young unmarried men, landless laborers, migrants, shepherds, ex-soldiers, and deserters. The slighted family causes the death of the original offender. However, the date of retrieval is often important. One of these bands was known as los beatos de Cabrilla (the holy ones of Cabrilla), because its members behaved like "gentlemen," robbing their victims of only half of their goods. and, usually, with the mass slavery of civilians from partisan-controlled areas.[5]. The following analysis focuses on this important category, where among other things causation has been carefully studied. ArCaLu/Shutterstock.com One of the most widely used names for a group of rabbits is a colony. London, 1972. Louis A. Prez, Jr., sees banditry in western rural Cuba as motivated by peasant resentment of their marginalization by expanding sugar plantations. Hwalbindang meaning "save-the-poor band" Originating with the Greek peirats, meaning brigand, it can be applied to a wide range of nautical misbehavior, including coastal raiding and intercepting ships on high seas. In banditry, as in feuding, from which it in part derives, personalized violence is crucial and finely graded; the intensity of violence, however distasteful to a modern sensibility, suggests a form of control. Social Memory. There is, for example, Stenka Razin, the insurgent leader of the Russian poor in the seventeenth century. Likewise, stories about bandits should not be treated as primary raw data on the bandits themselves or as simple expressions of hidden peasant aspirations, but rather as the result of a process of elaborated discourse (including textual discourse and reinterpretation) about power relations within society. The group called on the state government and security agencies to evacuate migrant herdsmen "to where they came from, as was done with Almajiris", to stop the attacks. No group has claimed responsibility for the attacks but witnesses have attributed it to "bandits", the catchall phrase for criminal gangs masterminding frequent bouts of abduction, maiming . Even Gilbert Joseph, who defends to a degree Hobsbawm's views, agrees that the political strategies of the peasants were not archaic "in the sense of being outmoded or pre-political.". Where banditry has persisted, it can clearly be linked to the inability of the state to control the countryside. From the perspective of the "bandit" himself, the situation may look different. ." Privateering could be shady business, and this accounts for some of the lexical overlap with the word pirate. But more informal kinds of banditry occurred in other settings. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. He was betrayed by a friend and was killed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. The act resembles both a sacrificein that the victim of the second murder is not responsible for the firstand a legal punishmentin that the violent retribution can be seen as imposing an act of reparation on the offender. They might move from the outside to the inside or vice versa. See also Crime and Punishment ; Vagrants and Beggars . Bandits required protection in order to survive; otherwise they were quickly killed by the landlords' retainers, the police, or the peasants. The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED) defined "bandit" in 1885 as "one who is proscribed or outlawed; hence, a lawless desperate marauder, a brigand: usually applied to members of the organized gangs which infest the mountainous districts of Italy, Sicily, Spain, Greece, Iran, and Turkey". But bandit myth, like most myth, expresses only half-truths. No evidence suggests that fish are particularly studious, so why is it a school of fish? Sign up for our weekly newsletters and get: By signing in, you agree to our Terms and Conditions Bandits. In many societies, such as in southern Spain, Sicily, Greece, and the Balkans, banditry had a predominantly agro-pastoral base. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"EV6XD901GYmICFHXx6qFgPW3RpXZeJL5FpM.yILeC4E-86400-0"}; "Banditry Encyclopedia of European Social History. Banditry tended to emerge in remote, difficult-to-control mountainous areas containing large numbers of semimobile and state-resistant pastoralists. As Ren Girard noted in Violence and the Sacred (1988), by killing not the murderer himself but someone close to him, an act of perfect reciprocity is avoided and the necessity for further revenge is bypassed. As a legalistic and political-social category, banditry is formed by the impact of the state on local communities, and its meanings have changed across time to reflect these changing relationships. In both cases, conflict and banditry broke down along partisan or regional, not class, lines. [38], Similarly, small groups of local bandits could also end up joining larger groups of rebels. The packaging of the myth of banditry in nationalist political rhetoric cannot be disregarded as unrelated to historical and anthropological analysis. It wasnt until the early 20th century that the term gained popularity. The rural poor sometimes used banditry to express political sentiments. This will put you in Vathume in a new game the next time you launch Skyrim. Any time people have used the sea for military and commercial purposes, there presumably has been some form of piracy. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. That eventually expanded to include creatures that werent hunted (like bugs), and usage that spread beyond just hunters. Thief The name Bandit is primarily a gender-neutral name of American origin that means Thief. A group of bats can be referred to as a colony, cauldron, camp, or cloud. Many bandit groups plagued rural areas, but towns and cities could also be the haunt of the medieval gangster. Spraggs, Gillian. Zilberg, Elana. //

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