Filters often block adults and minors from accessing a wide range of constitutionally protected speech. A. are the most complex type of firewall B. seldom examine the data or the addresses of the message C. can filter both inbound and outbound traffic D. examine the destination address but not the source address E. can examine the contents of VPN packets 26) Which of the following statements is TRUE about the There are a lot of rich and unethical people, politicians, non-state actors and state actors who are strongly incentivized to get fake information out there to serve their selfish purposes., A research professor of robotics at Carnegie Mellon University observed, Defensive innovation is always behind offensive innovation. Even among highly intelligent people, there is a significant growth in personal specialization in order to trim the boundaries of expected expertise to manageable levels. For every fact there is a counterfact and all these counterfacts and facts look identical online, which is confusing to most people.. There is too much incentive to spread disinformation, fake news, malware and the rest. Research demonstrates that filters consistently both over- and underblock the content they claim to filter. However, a major drawback of ECT is its cognitive side effects. Its main goal is the management of the information overload and increment of the semantic signal-to-noise ratio. What we dont know is how to make it a thriving business. People who were more susceptible to . Filtering can be applied to columns but not rows. It maintains the information in a dynamic state table and evaluates subsequent connection attempts. In 2012, Facebook, Google and others had no incentive to pay attention to the problem. There are always potential compromises when our communication networks are based on human-coded technology and hardware; this [is] less the case with analog-first, digital-second systems., A professor of media and communication based in Europe said, Right now, reliable and trusted verification systems are not yet available; they may become technically available in the future but the arms race between corporations and hackers is never ending. Starr Roxanne Hiltz, An executive consultant based in North America wrote, It comes down to motivation: There is no market for the truth. The crisis we face about truth and reliable facts is predicated less on the ability to get people to believe the *wrong* thing as it is on the ability to get people to *doubt* the right thing. They noted their faith was grounded in history, arguing that humans have always found ways to innovate to overcome problems. Some predicted better methods will arise to create and promote trusted, fact-based news sources. marketing that product. Rich Ling, Susan Hares, a pioneer with the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) and longtime internet engineering strategist, now a consultant, said, Society simply needs to decide that the press no longer provides unbiased information, and it must pay for unbiased and verified information., Christopher Jencks, a professor emeritus at Harvard University, said, Reducing fake news requires a profession whose members share a commitment to getting it right. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a long-standing treatment choice for disorders such as depression when pharmacological treatments have failed. Sonia Livingstone, professor of social psychology at the London School of Economics and Political Science, replied, The wild west state of the internet will not be permitted to continue by those with power, as we are already seeing with increased national pressure on providers/companies by a range of means from law and regulation to moral and consumer pressures., Willie Currie, a longtime expert in global communications diffusion, wrote, The apparent success of fake news on platforms like Facebook will have to be dealt with on a regulatory basis as it is clear that technically minded people will only look for technical fixes and may have incentives not to look very hard, so self-regulation is unlikely to succeed. David Conrad, Paul N. Edwards, Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford University, commented, Many excellent methods will be developed to improve the information environment, but the history of online systems shows that bad actors can and will always find ways around them., Vian Bakir, professor in political communication and journalism at Bangor University in Wales, commented, It wont improve because of 1) the evolving nature of technology emergent media always catches out those who wish to control it, at least in the initial phase of emergence; 2) online social media and search engine business models favour misinformation spreading; 3) well-resourced propagandists exploit this mix., Many who expect things will not improve in the next decade said that white hat efforts will never keep up with black hat advances in information wars. Filtering can be applied to columns but not rows. Sorting can be applied to columns but not rows. This has been referred to as the weaponization of public narratives. Inquiries can be directed via email to oif@ala.org or via phone at 800-545-2433, extension 4220. The use of Internet filters to block constitutionally protected speech, including content on social networking and gaming sites, compromises First Amendment freedoms and the core values of librarianship. Regulatory options may include unbundling social networks like Facebook into smaller entities. They are like biomedical or nuclear technology firms absent any ethics rules or ethics training or philosophy. And people can gain more creating fake information (both monetary and in notoriety) than they can keeping it from occurring., Serge Marelli, an IT professional who works on and with the Net, wrote, As a group, humans are stupid. It is group mind or a group phenomenon or, as George Carlin said, Never underestimate the power of stupid people in large groups. Then, you have Kierkegaard, who said, People demand freedom of speech as a compensation for the freedom of thought which they seldom use. And finally, Euripides said, Talk sense to a fool and he calls you foolish., Starr Roxanne Hiltz, distinguished professor of information systems and co-author of the visionary 1970s book The Network Nation, replied, People on systems like Facebook are increasingly forming into echo chambers of those who think alike. Which of the following statements about filter models of attention is most correct? Featured Speakers: Doug Archer, Bob Bocher, Deborah Caldwell-Stone, Jamie LaRue, Michael Robinson There is and will be space for misinformation. A longtime technology editor and columnist based in Europe, commented, The blockchain approach used for Bitcoin, etc., could be used to distribute content. Market makers will increasingly incorporate security quality as a factor relevant to corporate valuation. They will keep unfriending those who dont, and passing on rumors and fake news that agrees with their point of view. Recorded: September 2014, American Library Association/Association for Library Service to Children,Notable Children's Digital Media, American Civil Liberties Union One cannot apply a filter for more than one column in a cell range. Our brains are not wired to contend with the pace of technological change: These respondents said the rising speed, reach and efficiencies of the internet and emerging online applications will magnify these human tendencies and that technology-based solutions will not be able to overcome them. Content-based filtering. It will again involve information channeling more than misinformation suppression; contradictory claims have always existed in print, but have been manageable and often healthy., Judith Donath,fellow at Harvard Universitys Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society and founder of the Sociable Media Group at the MIT Media Lab, wrote, Fake news is not new. There is and will be a market (public and private providers) for trusted information. Its how people choose to react and access to information and news thats important, not the mechanisms that distribute them. Here youll find research-based safety tips, parents guidebooks, advice, news, and commentary on all aspects of tech use and policy. Sorting can be applied to columns but not rows. These findings do not represent all possible points of view, but they do reveal a wide range of striking observations. Itll be the continuing dumbing down of the masses, although the upper cadres (educated/thoughtful) will read/see/know, and continue to battle., An anonymous respondent said, There will be a sort of gold standard set of sources, and there will be the fringe., Many who see little hope for improvement of the information environment said technology will not save society from distortions, half-truths, lies and weaponized narratives. During a chemistry lab, your friend is listening intently for bubbling in her solution. These very diverse players would likely oppose (or try to subvert) technological or policy interventions or other attempts to insure the quality, and especially the disinterestedness, of information., While propaganda and the manipulation of the public via falsehoods is a tactic as old as the human race, many of these experts predicted that the speed, reach and low cost of online communication plus continuously emerging innovations will magnify the threat level significantly. We will have to evolve new tools for authentication and verification. The information environment will NOT improve In the next 10 years, on balance, the information environment will NOT BE improved by changes designed to reduce the spread of lies and other misinformation online. The more a given source is attributed to fake news, the lower it will sit in the credibility tree. The state and trends in education and place of critical thinking in curricula across the world will be the place to look to see whether or not the information environment will improve cyberliteracy relies on basic information literacy, social literacy and technological literacy. B. Filters create fields that describe the remaining data. A) Broadbent proposed that semantically important information may still be processed even if it is heard through the unattended ear. Explain your answer. Donald Trumps repeated fake news smears of The New York Times, Washington Post, etc., are among his most destructive non-truths., Susan Etlinger, industry analyst at Altimeter Research, said, There are two main dynamics at play: One is the increasing sophistication and availability of machine learning algorithms and the other is human nature. The only major fear I have is of massive communications conglomerates imposing pervasive censorship., Steven Miller, vice provost for research at Singapore Management University, wrote, Even now, if one wants to find reliable sources, one has no problem doing that, so we do not lack reliable sources of news today. Its important to note that the goal of these tools is not necessarily to create consistent and believable alternative facts, but to create plausible levels of doubt in actual facts. Featured Speakers: Doug Archer, Bob Bocher, Deborah Caldwell-Stone, Jamie LaRue, Michael Robinson Support OIF with a $25, $50, $100, or $250 donation. And can most people agree to trust anything as common knowledge? "The ACLU believes in an uncensored Internet, a vast free-speech zone deserving at least as much First Amendment protection as that afforded to traditional media such as books, newspapers, and magazines. Which of the following would not be an example of external communication Question options: Sales office memo Memo Request for Proposal Press release, Which is not a benefit of effective communications? But the overarching and competing themes were clear: Those who do not think things will improve felt that humans mostly shape technology advances to their own, not-fully-noble purposes and that bad actors with bad motives will thwart the best efforts of technology innovators to remedy todays problems. Perhaps people can even install filters so that, when theyre doing searches, hits that dont meet a certain trust threshold will not appear on the list., A longtime U.S. government researcher and administrator in communications and technology sciences said, The intelligence, defense and related U.S. agencies are very actively working on this problem and results are promising., Amber Case, research fellow at Harvard Universitys Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, suggested withholding ad revenue until veracity has been established. Communication is how we convey information to one another, whether written, verbal, nonverbal, or. Filters often block adults and minors from accessing a wide range of constitutionally protected speech. Those who pursue more-accurate information and rely on better-informed sources will separate from those who are not selective enough or who do not invest either the time or the money in doing so. There will be a sort of gold standard set of sources, and there will be the fringe. It is also human nature to come together and fix problems: The hopeful experts in this canvassing took the view that people have always adapted to change and that this current wave of challenges will also be overcome. Theme 1: The information environment will not improve: The problem is human nature Theme 2: The information environment will not improve because technology will create new challenges that can't or won't be countered effectively and at scale Theme 3: The information environment will improve because technology will help label, filter or ban misinformation and thus upgrade the public's . Jonathan Grudin, Mark Bunting, visiting academic at Oxford Internet Institute, a senior digital strategy and public policy advisor with 16 years of experience at the BBC and as a digital consultant, wrote, Our information environment has been immeasurably improved by the democratisation of the means of publication since the creation of the web nearly 25 years ago. Choose two o DNS lookups are checked against the Botnet Command and Control database o The Botnet command and control domains can be enabled on the web filter profile o The service requires FortiGuard web filtering license o The Botnet Command and Control database cannot be downloaded -its only available on FortiGuard servers. Which of the following scenarios would be most likely to occur if participants are tested with the dichotic listening task? C) The early selection filter because it allows higher-order information to be processed even if physically irrelevant. ONIs mission is to identify and document Internet filtering and surveillance, and to promote and inform wider public dialogues about such practices". These experts predicted that the problem of misinformation will be amplified because the worst side of human nature is magnified by bad actors using advanced online tools at internet speed on a vast scale. Access to Digital Resources and Services: An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights (2019) A) Information with a low degree of saliency is ignored and doesn't go on for further processing. More subtly, its presence on the newsstand reminded everyone that anything can be printed., Joshua Hatch, president of the Online News Association, noted, Im slightly optimistic because there are more people who care about doing the right thing than there are people who are trying to ruin the system. It is that there are all these other options, and people can choose to live in worlds where they ignore so-called reliable sources, or ignore a multiplicity of sources that can be compared, and focus on what they want to believe. Managers tend to spend about 30% of every day communicating. Anonymous engineer, J. Nathan Matias, a postdoctoral researcher at Princeton University and previously a visiting scholar at MITs Center for Civic Media, wrote, Through ethnography and largescale social experiments, I have been encouraged to see volunteer communities with tens of millions of people work together to successfully manage the risks from inaccurate news., A researcher of online harassment working for a major internet information platform commented, If there are nonprofits keeping technology in line, such as an ACLU-esque initiative, to monitor misinformation and then partner with spaces like Facebook to deal with this kind of news spam, then yes, the information environment will improve. Filters and algorithms will improve to both verify raw data, separate overlays and to correct for a feedback loop., Semantic technologies will be able to cross-verify statements, much like meta-analysis., The credibility history of each individual will be used to filter incoming information., The veracity of information will be linked to how much the source is perceived as trustworthy we may, for instance, develop a trust index and trust will become more easily verified using artificial-intelligence-driven technologies., The work being done on things like verifiable identity and information sharing through loose federation will improve things somewhat (but not completely). This would require a system of delayed advertising revenue distribution where ad funds are held until the article is proven as accurate or not. In fact, a share of the respondents predicted that the online information environment will not improve in the next decade because any requirement for authenticated identities would take away the publics highly valued free-speech rights and allow major powers to control the information environment. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. To stop that requires high surveillance which means government oversight which has its own incentives not to tell the truth., Tom Valovic, contributor to The Technoskeptic magazine and author of Digital Mythologies, said encouraging platforms to exercise algorithmic controls is not optimal. They hope this will simultaneously enable the screening of content while still protecting rights such as free speech. B) The filtering function can be applied to only one data set on a worksheet. A number said information platform corporations such as Google and Facebook will begin to efficiently police the environment to embed moral and ethical thinking in the structure of their platforms. Connie is at a club talking with her boyfriend Cody, when her attention is suddenly directed to someone yelling out the name Adam. Speech can be regulated in certain venues, but obviously not in all. This makes many vulnerable to accepting and acting on misinformation. We cant machine-learn our way out of this disaster, which is actually a perfect storm of poor civics knowledge and poor information literacy., Miguel Alcaine, International Telecommunication Union area representative for Central America, commented, The boundaries between online and offline will continue to blur. Minors and Online Activity: An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights (2019) Many respondents expressed concerns about how peoples struggles to find and apply accurate information contribute to a larger social and political problem: There is a growing deficit in commonly accepted facts or some sort of cultural common ground. Why has this happened? They predicted a future information landscape in which fake information crowds out reliable information. Several longer additional sets of responses tied to these themes follow that summary. The Future of Digital Spaces and Their Role in Democracy, What the data says about Americans views of climate change, Podcasts as a Source of News and Information, AI in Hiring and Evaluating Workers: What Americans Think, Americans confident in Zelenskyy, but have limited familiarity with some other world leaders, How Public Polling Has Changed in the 21st Century. By Nancy Kranich published in Library Administration & Management, Lester Asheim in Cyberspace: A Tribute to Sound Reasoning (2002) "EFF defends the Internet as a platform for free speech, and believes that when you go online, your rights should come with you. Filtered is considered stronger-meaning that we can be more confident that literature from this category better supports cause and effect. D) 50 objects including blue triangles and red circles. We will probably have to evolve both new social norms as well as regulatory mechanisms if we want to maintain online environment as a source of information that many people can rely on., Stowe Boyd, futurist, publisher and editor-in-chief of Work Futures, said, The rapid rise of AI will lead to a Cambrian explosion of techniques to monitor the web and non-web media sources and social networks and rapidly identifying and tagging fake and misleading content., Jeff Jarvis, professor at the City University of New Yorks Graduate School of Journalism, commented, Reasons for hope: Much attention is being directed at manipulation and disinformation; the platforms may begin to recognize and favor quality; and we are still at the early stage of negotiating norms and mores around responsible civil conversation. A) It assumes attended information is enhanced, while unattended information is not. Recorded: September 15, 2016, Championing Internet Access for Students on Banned Websites Awareness Day. Which of the following is true about filters in Microsoft Excel databases? Information consumers, fed up with false narratives, will increasingly shift toward more-trusted sources, resulting in revenue flowing toward those more trusted sources and away from the junk. A) A black D. Technology is driving this issue, but the fix isnt a technical one alone., Mike DeVito, graduate researcher at Northwestern University, wrote, These are not technical problems; they are human problems that technology has simply helped scale, yet we keep attempting purely technological solutions. Many readers recognized it as entertainment, but not all. ALA Intellectual Freedom Committee ", SafeKids.com: Digital Citizenship, Online Safety, and Civility. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Reddit and Twitter appear to be prime battlegrounds. Christian H. Huitema, Tom Rosenstiel, author, director of the American Press Institute and senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, commented, Whatever changes platform companies make, and whatever innovations fact checkers and other journalists put in place, those who want to deceive will adapt to them. That money is drying up, and it seems unlikely to be replaced within the next decade., Rich Ling, professor of media technology at the School of Communication and Information at Nanyang Technological University, said, We have seen the consequences of fake news in the U.S. presidential election and Brexit. Since there are multiple approaches you can take for completing each of these tasks, we'll focus instead on the high-level activities. True False QUESTION 2 Irani's position on commodity businesses was, Dorian is having trouble with her team. Which of the following would result in the fastest visual search time amongst an array consisting of green and red B's and green, blue, and red D's? kindly thumbs up for the solution. The digital environment offers opportunities for accessing, creating, and sharing information. D) It cannot explain the findings of the dichotic listening paradigm. Theyll be part of the immune system. Participation will decline as more and more citizens become unwilling/unable to figure out which information sources are reliable., The crisis we face about truth and reliable facts is predicated less on the ability to get people to believe the *wrong* thing as it is on the ability to get people to *doubt* the right thing. 10. National Conference of State Legislatures (updated periodically), (Note: The American Library Association does not endorse or recommend any internet filtering software. Which model of attention is best supported by research findings and why? Two rows in the cell range can be filtered independently. Content filtering is used by corporations as part of Internet firewall computers and also by home . (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main A professor based in North America said, [This] is a capitalist system. Many of those who expect no improvement of the information environment said those who wish to spread misinformation are highly motivated to use innovative tricks to stay ahead of the methods meant to stop them. Which one of the following statements on Filtering and Sorting is true? But the underlying pathology wont be tamed through technology alone. Which of the following statements about filtering information is accurate? When the television became popular, people also believed everything on TV was true. Bots are often employed, and AI is expected to be implemented heavily in the information wars to magnify the speed and impact of messaging. We use what we know of statistics and probability to compartment uncertainty. . So the new divide will be between the people who want their information to be real vs. those who simply want it to feel important. The other side of the complexity coin is ignorance. A number of respondents challenged the idea that any individuals, groups or technology systems could or should rate information as credible, factual, true or not. A professor at MIT observed, I see this as problem with a socioeconomic cure: Greater equity and justice will achieve much more than a bot war over facts. The excuse that the scale of posts on social media platforms makes human intervention impossible will not be a defense. In order to reduce the spread of fake news, we must deincentivize it financially. Many respondents who hope for improvement in the information environment mentioned ways in which new technological solutions might be implemented. Many of those who expect the information environment to improve anticipate that information literacy training and other forms of assistance will help people become more sophisticated consumers. By Heins, M., Cho, C. and Feldman, A., Overall there are powerful forces, including corporate investment in surveillance-based business models, that create many incentives for unreliability, invisible handshake agreements with governments that militate against changing surveillance models, international espionage at a governmental and corporate level in conjunction with mediocre cryptography and poor use of white hat hackers, poor educational standards in major industrial countries such as the U.S., and fundamental weaknesses in the U.S. political/electoral system that encourage exploitation of unreliability. The current [information] models are driven by clickbait, and that is not the foundation of a sustainable economic model., Stephen Downes, researcher with the National Research Council of Canada, wrote, Things will not improve. Blockchain technology may be an option, but every technological system needs to be built on trust, and as long as there is no globally governed trust system that is open and transparent, there will be no reliable verification systems.. Center for Democracy and Technology, Internet Filtering and Adolescent Exposure to Online Sexual Material(2018) If there is a great amount of pressure from the industry to solve this problem (which there is), then methodologies will be developed and progress will be made In other words, if theres a will, theres way. A) Target detection is faster in the cued location through the use of automatic processing. D) Pitch. A packet-filtering firewall (answer a) is the simplest type of firewall commonly implemented on routers. A) Individuals report hearing a female speaker in the unattended channel but cannot recall the phrase that they were repeating. Given that there is freedom of speech, I wonder how the situation can ever improve. Theres also the issue of subtle nuances or differences of opinion or interpretation. Her boss suggests MBTI. Like all resources and services provided by the library, provision of access to digital resources and services should follow the principles outlined in the Library Bill of Rights to ensure equitable access regardless of content or platform. The average man or woman in America today has less knowledge of the underpinnings of his or her daily life than they did 50 or a hundred years ago. Those trying to stop the spread of false information are working to design technical and human systems that can weed it out and minimize the ways in which bots and other schemes spread lies and misinformation. Some of these experts expect that such systems will act to identify perceived misbehaviors and label, block, filter or remove some online content and even ban some posters from further posting.
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